
(Jlass.X\F SQ<o 

Pnnk H 33 



(* R E E C E« 



IN 

1823 and 1824; 



BEING A 



AND OTHER 

DOCUMENTS, 

ON THE 

GREEK REVOLUTION, 

WRITTEN DURING A VISIT TO THAT COUNTRY. 

BY THE HONOURABLE 

COLONEL LEICESTER STANHOPE 



TO WHICH IS ADDED, THE 

X.XFE OF MVSTAPHA ALL 



. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

A. SMALL, E. PARKER, MAROT & WALTER, AND E. LITTELL: 

AND 
WILDER & CAMPBELL, AND COLLINS & HANNAY, NEW-YORK. 

I . 1825 . 












< # 



/ 

WILLIAM BROWN, PRINTER — PHILADELPHIA 



TO 



THE GREEK COMMITTEE 



THIS VOLUME 



IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 



BY 



THE EDITOR 



PREFACE. 

(BY THE EDITOR.) 



Amidst the various struggles for liberty which have re- 
cently agitated the South of Europe, none has excited so 
strong and permanent an interest as that of the people of 
Greece. Doomed for ages to endure the iron yoke of a 
barbarous nation, alien from their feelings alike in origin, in 
habits and in religion, the tyranny under which they groaned 
was rendered yet more insupportable by the galling recollec- 
tion that their fathers had been free ; and that at a time when 
all the other inhabitants of the globe were in a state of slave- 
ry, Greece alone stood pre-eminent in the enjoyment of those 
republican institutions, which have continued to excite a 
higher degree of admiration, in proportion as the mind of 
man has become more enlightened, and, consequently, more 
capable of appreciating their merits. 

The name of Greece is calculated to awaken and revive in 
every bosom feelings of the most pleasurable and improving 
kind. With our earliest years we are taught to admire the 
energy and pathos of her poets ; and, as we advance towards 
manhood, the genius of her historians, no less than the heroic 
actions which they have commemorated, become the favourite 



VI PREFACE. 

theme of our study. In the yet higher concerns of man, the 
culture of the mind and the administration of the state, the 
writers of Ancient Greece rise still higher, and approach, in 
many points, to that sublime system of ethics which charac- 
terizes the religion professed by their descendants. That 
such a Nation, descended from the warriors, the poets, the 
historians, and the philosophers, who present to us the no- 
blest types of their respective classes, should have sunk so 
low in the scale of moral energy as to have become the un- 
murmuring slaves of a race of uncivilized infidels, was a 
phenomenon too remarkable to be overlooked, and too humi- 
liating not to be universally deplored. From the school-boy 
to the statesman, all who had imbibed the slightest taste for 
literature, joined in the lamentation, and could only account 
for this apparent deviation from the usual course of things by 
the supposition that the modern Greek had degenerated from 
the talents and magnanimity of his forefathers ; that the owl 
of Minerva had dwindled into a beetle, and that the sword 
of Achilles had been again exchanged for the needle and 
distaff of the effeminate attendant on the court of Lyco- 
medes. 

In this state of apparent moral degradation, the virtues of 
the Greek people did but slumber, their mental and physical 
powers were not annihilated, and the fortunate moment at 
length arrived which enabled them to prove to the admiring 
world that they yet inherited a portion of those sublime 
energies which had ennobled their renowned progenitors. 
Roused from the apathy of their long-borne suffering, they 
at once burst asunder the massy chains with which their 
tyrants had loaded them, and, strong in the majesty of re- 
generated freedom, Greece once more lifted up her head. 
Her infidel oppressors fled before her newly-awakened and 
irresistible energies, and in the course of a single campaign, 
the surface of Greece was almost entirely freed from the 
locusts who had so long devastated her plains. The tran- 
quillity which they had purchased was not, however, of long 
duration ; with the ensuing spring the oppressor returned, 



PREFACE. vii 

determined to inflict a tenfold vengeance upon those who 
had dared to emancipate themselves from his barbarous 
yoke ; but he came but to be defeated, and was driven back, 
though not without leaving behind him traces of his remorse- 
less track, in the desolation and ruin which every where 
marked his course. Again and again have these attacks 
been repeated, and always with the same result ; still, how- 
ever, the obstinate cupidity of their former masters strives 
to repossess itself of the fertile regions which have been 
wrested from their sway, and still are the Greeks compelled 
to defend their lives and liberties from those barbarous 
aggressors who yearly devastate their possessions. 

Such, in brief, is the history of the Greek Revolution; the 
warfare which it has produced has hitherto been entirely of 
a defensive nature on the part of the Greeks. Offensive 
operations have not yet been attempted by them, although 
absolutely necessary, in order to secure a defensible fron- 
tier, which shall serve as a barrier against future encroach- 
ments and attacks. Various circumstances have combined 
to prevent such operations from being carried into effect j 
one of the most important of which has been the want of 
union among the Leaders. This, how much so ever it is to 
be regretted, and it has indeed been deeply lamented by 
every friend of Greece, may yet be regarded as a conse- 
quence almost necessarily resulting from the unsettled state 
of a nation just emerging from slavery into independence. 
At such a crisis there will always be found many men of 
nearly equal consequence, among whom jealousies will natur- 
ally arise, which are readily fomented by artful and inter- 
ested intriguers into subjects of hatred and discord. It is 
happy for Greece that this unhealthy spirit has almost ex- 
hausted itself, and that a cordial union among the Chiefs 
appears to have taken place to such an extent, that the 
government may at length reckon on possessing that con- 
trolling power, without which its utmost exertions must 
ultimately prove of no avail. Dreadful as is War under all 
circumstances, and especially when the oppressed is armed 



viii PREFACE. 

against the oppressor, to avenge the accumulated wrongs 
and miseries of centuries, it is, perhaps, favourable to the 
formation of a settled government for the future, that the 
transition from slavery to freedom should not be too imme- 
diate, inasmuch as a struggle of some continuance gives the 
people a fuller insight into the characters and motives of 
their Leaders, and enables them to make choice of the most 
deserving. 

Another principal cause which may be mentioned, as con- 
fining the Greeks to defensive operations, has been the want 
of money, a want which they have on several occasions most 
severely felt. This difficulty has now, however, like the 
former, been removed, by the negotiation in England of a 
loan on account of the Greek Government, which is in course 
of payment, and which will enable it to overcome many of 
the obstacles which have hitherto embarrassed its naval and 
military equipments. Other causes which have induced this 
defensive line of policy might also be enumerated, particu- 
larly the wish on the part of the Greeks to demonstrate to 
the Sovereigns of Europe, that their exertions were directed 
solely to the recovery of their own independence, and by no 
means intended to disturb the tranquillity of their neigh- 
bours. By this cautious course the Holy Alliance have 
hitherto been deprived of that ever ready pretext of which 
they might otherwise have availed themselves, to interfere 
in her internal affairs, and thus to entail upon Greece, as the 
reward of her noble struggles, nothing but a change of 
tyrants, acting on the principles of her former oppressors, 
and differing from them only in name. 

The reward, however, of her glorious efforts will, it is 
confidently anticipated, be very different from this disastrous 
result. During the momentous struggle in which she has 
been engaged, the public mind has been continually directed 
to subjects on which, under their former rulers, they dared 
not even think. The praises of liberty have been sounded 
in their ears, and the love of it has sunk too deeply in their 
hearts to be soon obliterated. It is principally in this point 



PREFACE. i x 

of view that the efforts of those distinguished foreigners who 
have exerted themselves in behalf of Greece have been most 
beneficial to her, and it is here that the Greek Committee of 
London justly bears away the palm of merit. The wide 
range and bold tone of political discussion, which have long 
prevailed in England, are universally acknowledged as the 
primary cause of the blessings which she possesses as one of 
the freest Nations of the Earth, and her sons, proud of the 
liberty which they enjoy, and deeply imbued with the warm- 
est zeal for the source from which it was derived, have been 
' constantly active in promoting the extension of its sway 
even to the remotest corners of the globe. Regenerated 
Greece presented to their view an ample and fertile field for 
the cultivation of its advantages, and the establishment of 
free presses and free discussion was looked forward to as 
the most effectual means of securing her national indepen- 
dence, as well as the personal freedom and security of her 
children. 

It was at this period that Colonel Leicester Stanhope, 
whose exertions in behalf of the press in India are too well 
known to need repetition here, offered his services to the 
Greek Committee to proceed to Greece in the character of 
their agent. His offer was received by the Committee with 
the highest satisfaction ; that honourable body, which com- 
prises among its members no inconsiderable portion of the 
rank and talent of England, anticipated, from the exertions 
of such a man, the fulfilment of their most ardent wishes. 
That their expectations were not disappointed by the result, 
is proved by the warm resolution of thanks which they voted 
to him on his return from his honourable mission. The 
following pages consist, principally, of the details given by 
him to the Committee as to the steps which he was daily 
taking in furtherance of their generous designs, and will, 
doubtless, be found peculiarly interesting to every friend of 
the Greek Cause, the advancement of which forms the chief 
object of their publication. 



x PREFACE. 

Of the talents of Colonel Stanhope, of his devotion to the 
cause of freedom, and of his persevering zeal, as well in 
India as in Greece, in furtherance of the establishment of a 
free press, the great palladium of the liberty of the human 
race, the Editor feels that it would not become him to speak 
in the terms which would spontaneously flow from him on 
such an occasion. Under personal obligations, which he is 
now, as at all times, anxious most gratefully to acknowledge, 
to that tried and active promoter of " the greatest good of 
the greatest number," the praise which he might offer would 
naturally become suspected. From this he will, therefore, 
abstain ; but he has held it a bare act of justice to put on 
record, among the documents which compose the Appendix 
to this volume, some portions of the opinions of the vene- 
rable Bentham, and of others, well qualified to judge on the 
subject, and to offer a disinterested and unbiassed opinion. 
The testimonials of the distinguished merits of Colonel 
Stanhope, which he has there preserved, are, indeed, almost 
unnecessary to the reader of the following pages, each of 
which bears ample evidence of a mind perseveringly and ar- 
dently devoted to the moral improvement of mankind, and 
through that to the increase of freedom and of happiness. 



Note from Col. Stanhope to the Editor, regarding the Publi- 
cation of this Volume, 

London, 1st Sept. 1824. 

Dear Sir, 

Many persons have recommended me, and you 
have undertaken, to publish my Correspondence concerning 
Greece. I accept their counsel and your kind offer. I must, 
however, state, that most of these letters were written on 
the spur of the occasion, from huts and caves, or in the open 
air, and frequently in the midst of difficulties, mutiny, and 
a crowd of people. They are not even of an official charac- 
ter, but were addressed to my friend Bowring, for the 
information of the Greek Committee. 

I leave you my Correspondence, and must bid you a 
hasty farewell, as I am just starting for the Continent. 

Believe me very truly yours, 

LEICESTER STANHOPE. 

To Mr. Richard Ryan, 

&?C. &C. 



A 

SERIES 



OF 



LETTERS. 

$*C. fyc. $*c. 



LETTER I. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 



Stable-Yard, St. James's, 
14th September, 1823. 

My dear Bowring, 

Having understood that Captain Blaquiere's pur- 
suits will detain him for some time in England, I venture to 
offer my services to the Committee, as his substitute, till his 
affairs shall enable him to proceed to Greece. In every 
thing except zeal I am conscious of my inferiority to Cap- 
tain Blaquiere, and nothing but a conviction that his useful 
exertions are for the present unavailable would induce me 
to come forward with an offer to fill his place. 

Should my services be accepted, I shall consider myself 
the servant of the Committee just as much as if I was paid 
for the performance of the duty. 

In my way to Tripolizza, I should propose to confer with 
the Swiss and German Committees, and to establish an ef- 
ficient system of co-operation, without shackling' our efforts. 

On my arrival in Greece I might be usefully employed 

A 



2 GREECE, IN 1833 AND 1824. 

under Lord Byron in conferring with the government on 
the disposal of the services of those officers whom the Com- 
mittee have sent thither ; in making arrangements for the 
formation of the laboratory-establishment, and in selecting 
proper persons to work in that department ; in recommend- 
ing the introduction of discipline in the Greek armies, and 
in pointing out the means of effecting that object ; in endea- 
vouring to improve the discipline of their irregular troops, 
by instructing them in the use of their arms, in the attack 
and defence of places, and in the construction of field-works. 
It would, also, be matter of vast importance to promote a 
general system of useful education, in which the use of arms 
should not be neglected. 

The printing and lithographic presses should be properly 
disposed of, not to the government, but to the public ; and 
intelligent and honest men should be stimulated to express 
and publish their thoughts freely. 

I am, &c. 

Leicester Stanhope. 

[Vide Appendix, Nos. 1, 2, 3.] 



LETTER II. 

TO THE SAME. 

Redstadt, 6th October, 1823. 
Dear Bowring, 

On my arrival at Darmstadt, on the 4th instant, I 
called on the two Messrs. Hoffman. Both, unfortunately, 
were absent. I next addressed myself to the President, 
Monsieur Hcepfner. This Gentleman complained much of 
the conduct of the Greek government towards the German 
corps : the Capitani, he said, were jealous of them ; they 
had been left inactive and destitute of all succour. The 
German and Swiss Committees had, in consequence, come 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 3 

to a resolution to order the legion home, unless the Greek 
government would supply them with the means of subsist- 
ence. 

In reply to these remarks, I observed that the Greek chiefs, 
though too aspiring, were wisely jealous of the interference 
of foreigners: that so far from wishing to curb this spirit, it 
should be fostered, as calculated to root, in the public mind, 
a hatred of foreign dominion, whether exercised by Turk or 
Tartar ; and that the only reason for employing foreign 
troops was some case of emergency, or for the purpose of 
communicating and spreading knowledge in the various 
branches of the art of war. Upon this principle, and to this 
end, all our succours should be employed. As to the policy 
of sending the troops back to Germany, that measure should 
only be warranted by a want of funds, which, under the pre- 
sent prospect of obtaining a loan, could not be anticipated ; 
and that under even the most unfavourable circumstances, 
there was reason to hope that a number of those Germans 
might be employed in the laboratory. It may be well here 
to remark that, according to Mr. Hcepfner's estimate, a sol- 
dier may be subsisted in Greece at the rate of one guinea 
per month, and for 14/. may be sent back to Germany. 

I then put various questions to Mr. H. and solicited a 
written answer to the following, viz. — 

1st. Whether any aid to a Greek loan could be obtained 
in Germany, and how that measure could be furthered ? 

2d. What measures were advisable with respect to the 
German corps in Greece ? 

3d. Whether it would be desirable to establish a joint 
committee in Greece, consisting of one English, one Ger- 
man, and one Swiss member ? 

4th. By what means he thought a safe communication 
could be established between Greece and Germany ? and 

5th. In what manner the feeling in Germany could be ex- 
cited in favour of the Greeks, so as to baffle the efforts of 
the Turks, to avert the power of Russia, and to confound 
the wily arts of the holy league ? 



4 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

To these questions I received the following answers* 
[Vide Appendix, No. 4.] 

As far as these points are connected with my duties, they 
shall be scrupulously attended to. 

I furnished the Darmstadt Committee with all Captain 
Blaquiere's able reports, which they have agreed to publish 
in the papers. I also gave them a list of the Consuls of the 
Levant Company, which they promised to publish, and to 
animadvert on their ungenerous conduct. The Darmstadt 
Committee are desirous of giving publicity to Mr. Canning's 
schoolboy Essay on the Rise and Fall of the Greeks. They 
will add to it such a commentary as they may deem useful 
to the cause. Colonel De Lounay has had a conference 
with the Darmstadt Committee: they think well of him. 
He is now at Zurich, where I expect to meet him in a few 
days. 

Not wishing to check my progress, I have resolved not to 
go to Stutgard. The North and South German and Swiss 
Committees are in such close alliance that by conferring 
with those of Darmstadt and Zurich, all my business may 
be accomplished. I trust that you and the Committee will 
approve of my determination. 

I am vours, 

L. S. 



LETTER III. 

TO THE SAME. 

Bern, 10th October, 1823. 
Dear Bowring, 

From Darmstadt I travelled with a Prussian officer 
of hussars. Much of our conversation was about the 
Landwehr, as I thought that parts of the system might be 
applicable to the Greek constitutional force. I was happy 
to learn from this hussar that flogging had been entirely 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. s 

abolished in the Prussian army. I was, however, shocked 
to reflect that, while we imitated the Prussians so closely in 
our tactics, our discipline, and even in our dress, we should 
differ from them only in this most barbarous custom ; and 
that those valiant soldiers who had never lost a field in the 
peninsula should still be subjected to the worst and severest 
code of any perhaps in Europe. 

I reached Zurich on the 8th of October, and immediately 
called on M. Hirzel, of the Greek Committee : I found him 
honest and enlightened. I put a number of questions to 
him for the consideration of the Committee, similar to those 
previously proposed at Darmstadt. 

On the same night the Committee assembled. Mark 
well the character of the meeting. President, Monsieur 
Hirzel, Secretar der Justiz and Polizey. Members, Pro- 
fessor Foest, Oberschreiber am obergericht und Mitglieddes 
Geheimen Ratbs, Major Foest, Monsieur Hess, Pfarrer an 
der Waisenkirche, Professor Hollinger, Dr. Hans Locker, 
&c. The questions were put by the President. He then 
called upon me to explain the object of each measure, and 
afterwards on each member in rotation to give his opinion. 
The measures having been approved, I was next desired to 
state what the London Committee had done and what they 
had in contemplation. 

I told them that the London Committee consisted of 
some of the most eminent scholars, members of parliament, 
soldiers, merchants, and virtuous men in England. I men- 
tioned the names of Bentham, Erskine, Mackintosh, Hume, 
Hobhouse, and the Russells. I said that the grand object 
of the Committee was to give freedom and knowledge to 
Greece. To this end they had given publicity to their sen- 
timents, as also to the sufferings and heroic actions of the 
Greeks, which they conceived calculated to excite the pub- 
lic mind of Europe in their favour, and even to check the 
impious intentions of tyranny and ambition. In this they 
had, perhaps, partly succeeded. At all events, more fa- 
vourable measures had lately been pursued by the British. 



6 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

government. They had observed the law of nations in the 
blockade, and had afforded an island as an asylum to the 
Greeks. With respect to pecuniary contributions in their 
favour, I stated that Colonel Gordon had expended nearly 
20,000/. ; that Lord Byron had devoted to their cause his 
genius and his purse ; that the Quakers, with their usual 
liberality, had gathered above 8,000/. ; and that the sub- 
scription, set on foot by the Greek Committee, was still in 
progress. The grand object of the Committee, however, 
was to impress on the public mind the stabilitv and security 
of the Greek government, and to procure her an efficient 
loan. Already 100,000/. had been offered, and there was 
reason to hope that a larger sum would be obtained, on 
high but not unreasonable terms. This loan would enable 
the Greek government to establish a disciplined military and 
naval force. 

To communicate knowledge to the Greeks was an object 
the Committee had near at heart. From this source spring 
order, morality, freedom, and power. The venerable Ben- 
tham, with a spirit of philanthropy as fervent, and a mind 
as vast as ever, had employed his days and his nights in 
contemplating and writing on the constitution of Greece, 
and in framing for her a body of rational laws, tbe most 
useful of human offerings. The mighty power of the press 
of England had been exerted in favour of Greece. The 
Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews had both ably advocated 
the cause. The latter had especially recommended the 
Committee to furnish the Greeks with the means of acquir- 
ing knowledge. The Committee had sent out lithographic 
and other presses to Greece, and hoped soon to hear of their 
having been instrumental in the diffusion of knowledge. 
The Committee and the Quakers both contemplated send- 
ing out schoolmasters. Two Greek youths were educating 
by the Foreign School Society, and three schools on the 
Lancasterian principle were said to have been established in 
Greece. Mr. Bentham had also directed me to send home 
two intelligent Greek boys, for the purpose of their being 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 7 

first instructed, and then employed as teachers for the diffu- 
sion of useful education. The Committee contemplated 
sending to Greece many elementary works on education, on 
the sciences, on agriculture, and on the art of war. Feel- 
ing strongly that Greece could not long maintain herself 
without military discipline, they had been, above all things, 
anxious to promote that object. They had, for this pur- 
pose, sent out to Greece officers of engineers, of artillery, 
of infantry, and cavalry; also, a most able fire-master, and 
several mechanics for the manufacture of all the materials 
of war — cannon, mortars, carriages, arms, Congreve-rock- 
ets, Schrapnel-shells, gun-powder, &c. 

This explanation of the conduct of the London Com- 
mittee seemed to satisfy the meeting. [Vide Appendix, 
No. 5.] 

In my next letter I shall speak of the policy of establish- 
ing the military system of Switzerland in Greece ; also of 
my interviews with Monsieur Fellenberg and the Count 
Capo D'Istria. 

I have discovered a most efficient instructor in the per- 
son of Professor Hahele. He is said to be a man of moral 
character, and highly liberal. He is well informed in the 
ancient and modern languages, as also in the sciences, and 
pursues the system of Pestalozzi. I have written to him at 
Chur, and have desired him to communicate to you and me 
his opinions as to the most efficient means of introducing 
instruction into Greece, and also as to the terms on which 
he would be willing to proceed thither. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



£ GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

LETTER IV. 

TO THE SAME. 

Geneva, 13th October, 1823, 

Dear Bowring, 

I travelled from Zurich to Bern with two very- 
intelligent persons. The one, Professor Leppe, who had 
been an assistant under Mr. Fellenberg, and has established 
an academy, on his principle, at Lenzburg ; the other, a 
Colonel of the Swiss staff, who owns the castle where lived 
the tyrant Gessler. Monsieur Leppe confirmed all I have 
said in favour of Professor Hahele ; he gave me letters to 
Messrs. Fellenberg and Pestaiozzi. The Colonel afforded 
me some information about the military system of Switzer- 
land. He calculated the whole expense of the army, con- 
sisting of 60,000 men, from twenty to thirty years of age, 
at about 60,000/. per annum. He told me that the military 
schools, the staff, the artillery, the engineers, the infantry, 
and sharp-shooters, were all well informed in their duties, 
and that the cavalry was the only defective arm. Every 
branch of the service is assembled and exercised for about 
one month in the year, and the whole body is ready to 
march at one day's notice. It is evident that a militia of 
this description cannot be equal on their first taking the field 
to a more exercised army. The Swiss, however, like the 
Greeks, having a strong country, can act on the defensive 
till they become perfectly aguerried. The Colonel gave 
me a list of all the books that apply especially to the sj^s- 
tem. These I shall procure and present them to the Greek 
senate. 

In addition to this system, I think the Committee would 
do well to send out by Parry the American ordinance. I 
have great satisfaction in acquainting you that all the Greeks 
and Philhellenes, to the amount of one hundred nd sixty, 
who had sought refuge in Germany and Switzerland, have 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 9 

been sent to the Morea. Of this number eighty have been 
disciplined. 

Many well-informed persons have assured me that, on 
the Greek loan being properly announced, the debentures to 
a considerable amount would be purchased in Germany and 
Holland. Upon this subject you should address Messrs, 
Hbpfner and Co. 

I beg leave to suggest to the Committee the probable ad- 
vantage of soliciting the society in India to subscribe to 
the Greek cause and to the loan. Mr. Campbell and Mr. 
Buckingham, Dr. Gilchrist and Colonel Young, could further 
this object on being applied to ; the two last might be added 
to our Committee. Be pleased to state to Mr. Bentham that 
I put a copy of his works into the hands of Monsieur Hirzel, 
who will place them in the public library at Zurich, where 
they will be read by the friends of freedom. 

I had an interview with Monsieur Fellenberg, at Hofwill. 
He takes a strong interest in the cause of Greece. The 
Count Capo D'Istria had been for some time with Monsieur 
F. and had left him on the day of my arrival. He was de- 
sirous of soliciting the Count to return ; but, on my telling 
him I was pressed for time, he said it mattered not, he 
would give me a letter to the Count at Lausanne. I then 
expressed my fear that Capo D'Istria was under obligations 
to Russia, and that he might wish to place Greece under the 
protection of that power, — protection that would entail de- 
pendence. " No," said Monsieur Fellenberg ; " he is a 
Greek." He then asked whether we had no selfish — no Eng- 
lish interest in view ? I assured him that we wished to see 
Greece, her people, her soil, her commerce, and her press, 
free as their thoughts. Monsieur F. said, if Capo D'Istria 
had heard you express that sentiment he would have em- 
braced you. He told me that Capo D'Istria's object was to 
preserve the Greek character, to which he attributed her 
success. To this end he proposed to establish an academy 
in Switzerland, exclusively for the youth of Greece. I said 
that the progress should be onward, not backward. Mon~ 



10 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

sieur F. informed me that the Count was now educating a 
number of Greek boys in France and Switzerland in the mi- 
litary art, in ancient languages, in architecture, sculpture, 
painting, in short, in all the sciences. 

I reached Bern on the tenth instant : Sir Thomas Mait- 
land was there, on his way to the Ionian Isles. On my ar- 
rival at Lausanne, on the 12th, I found that the Count Capo 
D'Istria was living at the same inn. I sent him my letters, 
and he received me with great kindness. He commenced 
his discourse by a diplomatical and historical sketch of the 
modern history of Greece. He then spoke of the course 
pursued by Russia and England, glossing over the conduct 
of the former. He said that Lord Londonderry's desire 
was to render Greece as insignificant and harmless as possi- 
ble, and to make her people like the spiritless natives of Hin- 
doostan ; that he had recommended him to pursue an en- 
lightened and liberal course towards the Ionian Islands; but 
that he (Lord L.) had not a mind to look deep into things, 
nor a soul to act nobly. He then began to hint at the selfish 
and commercial views of England. I replied that we had 
no fears for Greece on the side of Turkey, that what we 
feared was internal commotion excited by the military chiefs. 
We feared, too, Russia ; — her invasion, even her protection, 
we feared. The count resumed by observing that the Com- 
mittee had done, and might still do, great good, but that we 
must not attempt to Anglicanise Greece. I replied that we 
rather wished to Americanize her. The Count thought our 
end should be to enlighten Greece and to act upon utilita- 
rian principles. Yes, said I, Count, but do you think that 
the Sainte Alliance will allow Greece to establish a virtuous 
republic ? His excellency spoke as well as could be expect- 
ed ; he beat about the bush and then said that it was not in 
the nature of things that monarchs should encourage repub- 
lics ; he added, that if England acted nobly and sided with 
Greece, no power could succeed against her. Here I re- 
marked that, though I had a favourable opinion of Mr. Can- 
ning's feeling towards Greece, I could trust to the honesty 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. H 

of no government ; my only confidence lay in the free and 
martial spirit of Greece ; if she could but enjoy two years 
of pure liberty, the enemy that invaded her would either 
waste to death in the attempt, or else, by a reaction, be her- 
self revolutionized. The Count highly approved of my 
wish to introduce the military system of Switzerland into 
Greece. He also thought it a matter of the very first im- 
portance that Lord Hastings, or some enlightened man, 
should be sent to the Ionian Isles. " If," said he, " your 
Committee can effect this object, and obtain alone, they may 
prove themselves the saviours of Greece. You should not, 
however, forget that if England can have her Committees, 
so also may Russia." After this I made my bow to the 
Count, and he expressed a wish to have another conference 
with me at Geneva. 

I promised to introduce Capo D'Istria to Lord Hastings, 
but I have since learnt that his Lordship has left Geneva. 
They will meet at Rome, where the Count is going on ac- 
count of his health. His health may be the cause, but Rome 
is nearer to Greece than Geneva. 

I am, truly, &c. &c. 

L. S, 

P. S.-~ All our measures have been carried with the Swiss 
and German Committees. They have appointed a joint 
committee to act in Greece, of which M. Reinecke is the 
Swiss, and M. Deutsch the German, member. They could 
not have selected better persons. They have agreed to place 
their troops in Greece at the disposal of the Committee, and 
to use their influence to promote the loan. I found the 
Committees very much irritated against the Gapitani and 
the people of Greece. It was my business to show them 
that a people long enslaved could not be all virtuous ; that 
the warriors and chiefs whose heroic conduct had saved 
their country could not be expected to have yet limited their 
ambition ; and that a government so situated must bend to 
circumstances, however noble its intentions. I then traced 
all the favourable feeling that had been excited to the Swiss 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

and Geneva Committees, who had first roused the people of 
England to useful exertion. In short, the despondency 
which prevailed is changed into hope and zeal, which will 
heget fresh efforts. — L. S. 



LETTER V. 

TO THE SAME. 

Geneva, 18th October, 1c 

Dear Bowring, 

I have been detained here in collecting books of* 
and information from, eminent men. 

Following the spirit of Mr. Hume's instructions, I have 
obtained the Geneva budgets of the four last years. The 
principles of economy pursued by that government are cal- 
culated to benefit the society under its influence, and are 
especially applicable to the state of Greece. No less appli- 
cable to Greece is the military system of Switzerland. The 
Count Capo D'Istria, Colonel Dufour, who defended Corfu, 
and M. Dumont, all agreed with me on this point. A new 
military code and organization is to be the work of the next 
sessions at Geneva, and M. Dumont defers going to England 
in consequence. Surely it is matter of vast importance to 
make their military organization generally known, as con- 
nected with the cheap defence and liberties of nations. I 
consider that even the Landwehr of Prussia is a power that 
may one day overthrow despotism in that quarter. 

I have had another instructive conference with Capo 
D'Istria. It will be gratifying to the Committee to learn 
that all his ideas are in coincidence with their own. I re- 
gret to hear from him that the Prince Mavrocordato is liv- 
ing in one of the Isles, and that Lord Byron is still at Ce- 
falonia. This looks as if all were not sound in Denmark. 
The Count told me that he considered the conquest of Candia 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 13 

of immense importance. I asked if the Turkish command- 
ants in the forts could be bribed. He was of opinion that 
they could not, because their government had selected them 
on account of their being great landed proprietors. He con- 
siders Mavrocordato a man of great probity and finesse, — 
qualities that are rarely found together, but very essential 
in his situation. 

Monsieur Lutscher, President of the Greek Committee 
at Geneva, solicits, in a letter to me, of which I enclose an 
extract, the aid of the friends of Greece in England. [Vide 
Appendix, No. 6.] 

I have purchased several works on legislation for Greece, 
At Geneva, great progress is making in this most useful 
branch of political science. Le Recueil des Loix de Geneve 
is the nearest approximation to the system of Bentham that 
has as yet been accomplished. It works well ; and even, 
the old, so prone to prejudice, approve it highly. 

I am yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER VI. 

TO THE SAME. 

Milan, 25th October, 1823, 
My dear Bowring, 

I arrived here yesterday. Mr. Schinas's friend, 
the Chevalier Mustoxidi, is honest and intelligent. I have 
endeavoured to obtain from him information about Greece- 
The Chevalier thinks that Russia wishes to confer bene- 
fits on Greece ; to gain over, by generous acts, some of the 
principal families ; and then, when occasion offers, slily to 
assist Greece in the management of her concerns, and in the 
protection of that strong bond of union — their common 
faith. Austria he considers in a state of perplexity. She 



14 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

dreads the spread of liberal principles in the neighbourhood 
of Italy and her own frontier, and still more the aggrandise- 
ment of Russia. England, he says, has changed her con- 
duct with the change of circumstances. So long as Greece 
could be retained in a state of thraldom and insignificance 
she was content ; but finding that the Greeks had started 
from their chains, — that they must either become a substan- 
tive state of importance, or a dependent one to swell the 
pride and power of an already preponderating empire, she 
now wishes to model her into a monarchy of federal states. 
To generalise all these interests, the Chevalier thought that 
these three powers would endeavour to place the son of the 
late King of Sweden on the throne of Greece. In that event, 
he must commence his course by changing his faith (if he 
has any), — the Mogul, circumcised and then baptised, might 
be quite as acceptable to the commonwealth. Nothing, he 
imagined, was more likely to thwart interference in the affairs 
of Greece, than a treaty between the belligerents, on the 
basis of the acknowledgement by the Porte of the indepen- 
dence of Greece, on condition of the latter paying an annu* 
al tribute. 

The Chevalier is of opinion, that quiet steps should be 
taken to gain over the Servians from Russian, Turkish, and 
Austrian interests ; this effected, the course of Greece 
would be more secure. To this end he recommends that 
some competent person should proceed thither to probe the 
state of feeling in that quarter, preparatory to the adoption 
of more decisive measures. Mons. M. thinks a negotiation 
should be entered into with the Pacha of Egypt to render 
him independent. This might spread, and could not fail 
to prove a powerful diversion. Mons. M. at my sugges- 
tion, has agreed to write a short historical pamphlet on the 
conduct of our government in the Ionion Isles. I hare re- 
commended him to select a number of strong facts, and to 
state them in so soft a tone that even the sensitive nerves of 
delicate politicians may not shrink from their perusal. This 
pamphlet will be sent over to the Greek Committee for dis- 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 15 

persion in the newspapers. The Chevalier is of opinion 
that the Greek government should again, in becoming lan- 
guage, solicit the Pope to take an interest in the holy cause 
in which they are engaged. He should be reminded of the 
instances in which his predecessors have endeavoured to 
excite the sovereigns of Europe to act against the Turks ; 
and this appeal should be so framed as to touch the feelings 
of the Christian world. At my solicitation the Chevalier 
has agreed to send me the draught of a letter to that effect. 
I shall submit it to the Greek government for considera- 
tion. Mons. M. recommends the cultivation of the silk- 
worm and the vine in Greece. The former especially 
would prove a mine of wealth to them, that may immedi- 
ately be converted into money. I shall endeavour to pro- 
cure works on these subjects. To raise the feeling of the 
people, the Chevalier suggests that a prayer in favour of 
their sacred cause should be introduced into the quotidien ; 
also, that a selection should be made of the great events re- 
corded in Grecian annals, that they should be narrated in 
plain language, and published in a series of letters in the 
newspapers, for the information of the people. I asked him 
how the military chiefs could be rendered subservient to 
the government. He, said, by the latter acting virtuously 
and deserving the confidence of the people, and by a loan, 
which would enable the state to pay and reward honourable 
services. This gentleman suggests, that a society and a 
museum should be formed in Greece ; by who all records 
and antiquities should be preserved, and every event of im- 
portance registered. Pray favour me with information on 
this subject. I think Mr. Hobhouse, and Mr. Foster, of 
Liverpool, should be consulted. The Chevalier is of opi- 
nion that a Greek committee might be formed at Florence. 
I told him I feared much that such generous spirits could 
not breathe in the Boeotian atmosphere of the Holy Alli- 
ance. They would immediately be converted by the three 
great magicians into carbonari. In this letter I have pur- 
posely avoided giving the names mentioned by Mustoxidi. 



16 GREECE, IN 1838 AND 1824. 

I start from hence to-morrow. At Bologna, at Florence, 
and at Pisa, I have to confer with men of eminence. 

I am, &c. 

L. S. 

P. S. I remained two days after my business was com- 
pleted at Genoa, in the hope of receiving Mr. Bentham's 
manuscript. It came not, and I reluctantly departed with- 
out it. I have directed it to be sent after me by the post, 
and have also spoken about it to Mons. Dumont. 

I am yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER VII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Florence, 2d Nov. 1823. 
My dear B. 

Mons. Jacovaky Rizo gave me the following in- 
formation. The Hydriots and Spezziots, in virtue of a pro- 
mise formerly made to them, wished to settle their families 
at Napoli di Romania. Colocotroni, it seems, opposed this 
measure, upon which the islanders refused to act. Mavro- 
cordato was, in consequence, sent to Hydra to conciliate 
them, and to persuade them to equip their fleet. He suc- 
ceeded ; they set sail, had a naval engagement with the 
Turks, between Tenedos and Mitylene, and took and burnt 
five or six vessels. Mavrocordato has returned to the 
Morea. Mons. Rizo thinks it a matter of the greatest im- 
portance to promote concord among the Capitani, and their 
subordination to the government. To this end he recom- 
mends my having personal conferences with the chiefs, for 
the purpose of convincing them that neither they nor their 
country can prosper, unless they act in concert. Servia he 
considers completely under the influence of Russia, because 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 17 

the Servians acquired their privileges under the protection 
of that government. The Turks, it seems, have secured 
four of their principal chiefs as hostages at Constantinople. 
Albania, though a large portion of its population are Turks, 
is by no means attached to the Porte. A supply of provi- 
sions going to Corinth has been taken by the Greek fleet, 
and that place is now treating ; it is by no means strong, 
and might be taken in two days. Patras is held by a great 
Turkish proprietor, and the wealth contained in it is consi- 
derable. This has excited the avarice of the various Greek 
chiefs, and their dissensions have hitherto prevented its cap- 
ture. Madon and Coron are strong places, but not of much 
importance. 

Mons. Rizo thinks that Greece will afford a most advan- 
tageous refuge for our superfluous population. 

I am going to have an interview with the Prince Carad<* 
gia this evening. To-morrow I proceed to Pisa. 

Yours, &c. 

L. S. 

Mons. R. thinks that if the Greeks are to have a king, 
the Prince of Cobourg would be as acceptable as any that 
could be selected. 



LETTER VIII, 

TO THE SAME, 

Pisa, 5th Nov. 1823, 
Dear Bowring, 

I arrived here last night, and proceeded to busi« 
ness with the Metropolitan, Ignatius. He considers it a 
matter of first-rate importance that the London Committee 
should do all in their power to influence the British govern- 
ment in favour of Greece. England, he says, is the only 
power that can ensure her by a naval superiority. Turkey 



|8 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

cannot, because her fleets are inferior ; so, indeed, are her 
armies ; and the more numerous these are the more diffi- 
cult is their supply. Russia cannot invade the islands, be- 
cause her fleet is not equal to cope with that of England, 
nor even with that of Greece ; nor can she reach it by land 
without passing through the Turkish territory, which nei- 
ther the Porte, nor England, nor Austria, would allow. It 
is true, that Russia looks with a steady eye to the conquest 
of Turkey ; but ere this happens Greece may be mighty and 
invulnerable. I am grieved to report to you, on the autho- 
rity of Ignatius, that Mavrocordato has resigned his office. 
It must be our endeavour to get him restored. The Me- 
tropolitan is of opinion, that a king should be placed on the 
throne of Greece. (No king — no bishops.) He would pre- 
fer a foreigner. The Prince of Cobourg, or the son of the 
deposed king of Sweden. I have observed that this monar- 
chical spirit is prevalent among the Greeks. With many 
eminent writers, they think that democracies are not suited 
to large states, because they possess less vigour and prompt- 
ness. They talk of the prosperity of the small republics, 
and the decline and fall of the large ones. They forget t© 
cite the corruption and effeminacy, the disorders and con- 
vulsions, to which large monarchies are subject, and the 
stability and grandeur of America ; she should, on the con- 
trary, possess more of each, because the govornment should 
be on the spot, and they take the best means to have an 
efficient president. 

The Metropolitan thinks that Corinth must soon fail, 
inasmuch as its supplies have been cut off. Patras could 
not hold out many days against a regular siege, because it 
is commanded, has no casemates, and is crowded with peo- 
ple. The possession of this fortress would secure the fall 
of Lepanto, and the command of that Gulf, and would pre- 
vent the Turks from effecting a landing in the Morea. 
There is a report that Mitylene has revolted. This would 
be an event of vast importance. The island has a warlike 
population of 300,000 Greeks and about 30,000 Turks, 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 19 

There are in it two strong fortresses. Its capture would 
enable the Greeks to shut the mouth of the Dardanelles, and 
might ultimately tend to the fall of Scio. 

There is a manufacture of coarse gunpowder in the Mo- 
rea, which Parry will, perhaps, be able to improve. There 
is, however, at present, an absolute want of gunpowder in 
that quarter. It would, I think, be a good speculation to 
send out a cargo of it, from the imperious necessity of its 
being purchased with money, goods, or promises. 

The Metropolitan thinks it would be unwise to attempt 
to discipline the present bands, which have proved their 
wonderful efficiency. He would, however, have a disci- 
plined force for the protection of the forts, important 
passes, &c. 

All the public bodies and eminent men I have conversed 
with agree in the expediency of changing the character of 
the government of the Ionian Islands. The Russians and 
French contrived to conciliate the islanders by securing in 
their interest the aristocracy ; while, on the other hand, Sir 
T. Maitland has selected the most inefficient and insignifi- 
cant men to fill the offices of government, — creatures that 
would bow to his will. Both systems were founded in in- 
justice ; for morality prescribes that none but men of pro- 
bity and talent should be selected to rule. 

A notion seems to prevail on the continent that England 
has a selfish policy in view towards Greece. I have endea- 
voured to impress a contrary conviction, founded on our in- 
terest. So long as Greece could be kept down by the Porte, 
the British government sanctioned her oppression. But the 
moment she freed herself, and the question was whether she 
was to become a substantive state or to be added to Russia, 
no doubt could remain on the mind of anv sane statesman: 
for it never could be the interest of England to increase 
that vast empire by adding to her wealth, and raising her 
into an important naval power. There is a report here that 
Lord Byron has offered to raise and maintain five hundred 
men. 



20 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

Bentham's works are much admired on the continent. 
The professor of law here, Carminiani, is quite of this mind. 
At the College of Bologna none but the Greeks and foreign- 
ers are allowed to read this author, I wish you would get 
Buckingham to publish u Truth versus Ashurst" in his Jour- 
nal. No one that reads it can stick to the sophisms of 
Blackstone. And in British India, where a great revolution 
must take place in the laws, it would be of permanent im- 
portance that they should understand what a demon they 
have bowed down before and glorified. 

Yours, 

L. S 



LETTER IX. 

TO THE SAME, 

Ancona, 11th November, 1823. 
Dear Bowring, 

There is settled in Ancona an intelligent Greek, 
who has a brother at Corfu. He has promised me to send 
you an account of all news that may reach him from Greece, 
and a fair statement of all acts of maladministration in the 
Ionian Isles. He gave me the following information, de- 
rived from a respectable merchant at Syra. The Turks 
have lately put in motion two strong columns ; one from 
Larissa, which directed its march towards Thermopylae ; 
this has been dispersed by Ulysses, and has returned to 
Zeitouni : the other, under the Pacha of Scutari, marched 
against Missolonghi ; after much skirmishing, in which fell 
the famous Marco Bozzara ; and, after the Turks had ac- 
tuallv commenced the assault, they were repulsed with con- 
siderable loss. Ten Greek vessels were preparing to sail 
towards Missolonghi, to attack the Turkish fleet of fifteen 
ships. Nine Greek vessels had been assailed near Sante 
Monte, by six Turkish frigates and seven corvettes ; other 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 21 

ships of the combatants were in sight, but could not take 
part in the action. Both parties received great damage, 
■without any decisive advantage being gained by either, ex- 
cept the glory obtained by the lesser fleet. 

The Greek navy consists of fifty-two vessels, which are 
principally stationed off the Island of Skiatho, in the Archi- 
pelago. The Turkish fleet is near Lemnos and Mitylene. 
The Greek government is about to move from Salamina to 
Napoli ; all the differences concerning the fortresses having 
been settled. 

The following are the contents of a letter from Zante, of 
the 10th October, 1823. Missolonghi is blockaded by 12,000 
Albanians, and another army of 4,000 Turks is at Castros, 
about eight leagues from that fortress. The Greeks have 
8,000 men at Missolonghi, and expect further reinforce- 
ments from the Morea. Ten ships are also said to have 
reached Missolonghi. 

It is reported that Mavrocordato has been sent as Civil 
Governor to Missolonghi, and that Mataxa is to remain 
there as Prefect. Patras appears to be the only important 
fortress which remains in the hands of the Turks. It is com- 
manded by a hill, from which a plunging fire might be pour- 
ed down on the heads of the garrison ; and this hill has often 
been in the possession of the Greeks. 

I can learn nothing about the Greek deputies that were to 
have been sent to England to negotiate the loan. Georgio 
Mavromichaeli has left this for Zante, there to await the or- 
ders of his father. Some think that he will be sent to Eng- 
land with the deputies. I gave it as my opinion that some 
person of talent, and vested with large power, should be 
despatched forthwith. As connected with this subject, I 
have in vain attempted to obtain proper information con- 
cerning the resources of Greece. The Turkish port-duties 
were from three to four per cent, and the land-tax amounted 
to about ten per cent, besides the extortions of the govern- 
ors and chiefs. The lands were possessed by the govern- 
ment, by the clergy, by Turkish proprietors, and by the 



22 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

Greeks. The possessions of the latter were chiefly in the 
hills. In consequence of the revolution a large proportion 
of the land has become the property of the state, and it be- 
comes a question how these lands should be disposed of? 
The war/::- of the Greek government are great, and the agrU 
cultural classes have no capital. Should this property be first 
leased out to ascertain its value, and then sold ? Should it 
be put up to auction ? Should it be sold in large or in small 
lots ? Should it be sold to foreigners as well as natives ? 
These are questions to which I solicit a detailed answer, for 
submission to the Greek government. Mr. Mill, Mr. Hume, 
and Mr. Hobhouse, might be advantageously consulted on 
this point, and local information obtained from Captain Bla- 
quiere and the Greek gentlemen of the Committee. Be pleased 
to observe that the Capitani, possessing all the power, have 
laid their hands on a portion of this property, and enriched 
themselves. Coiocotroni is said to be worth a million of 
dollars, Ulysses, 400,000 dollars, &c. 

I have made every necessary arrangement to secure the 
correspondence, and also for procuring the newspapers from 
the German and Swiss Committees. 

The Pacha of Egypt is said to hate and dread the Porte, 
He is no ways hostile to the Greeks. To the refugees from 
Cyprus he afforded an asylum ; and those Greeks who felt 
disposed were allowed to proceed, armed, to their own 
country. 

Your letter of the 21st of October last, and one annexed 
from Mr. Bentham, have come safe to hand. I rejoice to 
learn that the Spanish Committee have consigned over 
100,000 balls and 2,000 firelocks to the Greek Committee. 
The intelligent soldier, mechanic, and agriculturist, whom 
you mention as going to settle in Greece, will be a most 
useful character there: he may command my services. The 
purchasing of land in Greece must prove an excellent spe- 
culation, and highly conducive to the improvement of agri- 
culture and civilization in that quarter. I wish that you 
would send out, and that the government would receive, a 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 23 

number of these colonists : they could not raise money in a 
more advantageous manner. By this means they would reap 
and sow wealth at the same time. The surgeon and the 
stores will be highly acceptable. Orders shall be immedi- 
ately sent to Girostati to despatch Parry and the Anne from 
Corfu to its final destination. The British consul here has 
been most kind to me : he has a promise to be sent to Eng- 
land with the first despatches that shall arrive from Corfu. 
He will go and be back again in Ancona in less than a 
month ; so pray look out for him, and take advantage of his 
return. The German and Swiss Committees have appointed 
a committee of five members to act for them in Greece. 
They could not have selected better. Already we have in 
Monsieur Basilio Basili an able secretary, a Greek who 
speaks Italian and French. Pray address your letters to me 
either here, or at Zante, or to the seat of the Greek govern- 
ment. I shall make arrangements, at the two former places, 
to have them forwarded. If they are of consequence, ad- 
dress them either under cover to some one at Geneva, or 
better still, to me, under the feigned name of A. B. Camp- 
bell, at Ancona. I have settled that they shall be forwarded 
to me from hence. 

I beg of you to state to Mr. Bentham that I have received 
a letter from him of the 14th October last, with its enclo- 
sures, and also one of the 21st of the same month. I deeply 
regret to say that the one alluded to in the former, and bear- 
ing date the 10th October,! has never reached me. There is 
some consolation, at least, in knowing that duplicates have 
been sent out under Parry's care. Could not some means 
be devised of obtaining proof of this fraud, of exposing and 
prosecuting the Emperor of Austria for the theft of the 
packet and of the money paid for its postage. Would that 
I had time to answer Mr. B.'s letters: they are the proud 
credentials which, however undeserved, I must respect. 
They are enough to turn the head of a soldier, whose vir- 
tues grow out of his vanities. But to the point ; I will dc 



24 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

my utmost to comprehend these papers, and to place them 
in the channels of usefulness. 

You may rely on the following fact. Since the year 1817 
there has been a society established at Moscow, the object 
of which has been to revolutionize Greece. The president's 
name is Nicolo Paximali. One of its members, named 
Anastasio Jorgoglio, contributed 25,000 rubles. There 
was, however, another party of Greeks who were op- 
posed to the society, and who wished to check its pro- 
gress. This faction persuaded Jorgoglio that he had acted 
foolishly in giving the money, as it would not be advantage- 
ously expended ; and the young man, being defective in 
judgment, acceded to their counsels, and called on the 
committee to restore it. The president told him that it was 
despatched, and that it was not in his power to do so. Jor- 
goglio, resolved to reclaim it, applied to the government of 
Moscow to interpose their authority. Paximali explained 
that it was a voluntary gift, devoted to the service of his 
country. The government of Moscow declared that they 
could not decide the question, and referred it to St. Peters- 
burg. The answer ultimately received was, that if the in- 
tentions of the committee were not hostile to the Russian 
government, they were at full liberty to promote the inter- 
ests of their country. 

A Greek vessel, under national colours, a few days since, 
came into the port of Ancona. All the consuls assembled, 
pondered on the affair, and expostulated with the local au- 
thorities. The latter called on Mr. Mela, a Greek gentle- 
man resident in Ancona, to explain why the ship came un- 
der those colours. The ship, he said, was come for the pur- 
pose of commerce. They said the vessel could not be al- 
lowed to carry the flag. Mr. Mela replied that they would 
do wrong to drive her away, because this was a good op- 
portunity to renew the commerce between the Levant and 
Ancona. They then determined that she must take down 
her colours while in port, and might hoist them again on 
going to sea. 



GHEECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 2 £ 

I enclose herewith documents relative to the appointment 
of the Committee in Greece, and their instructions. [Vide 
Appendix, Nos. 7 and 8.] Colonel De Lounay, Monsieur 
Kolbe, Secretary Basiii, myself, and Greek servant, depart 
to-morrow morning for Cefalonia, to confer with Lord By- 
ron ; thence to Zante, Parga, and Napoli di Romania. 

Yours, &c. 

L. S. 



LETTER X. 

TO THE SAME. 

Cefalonia, 26th November, 1823, 

Dear Bowring, 

I sailed from Ancona on the 22d November, in 
company with Colonel De Lounay, Messieurs Kolbe and 
Basiii, and fifteen destitute Greeks from Russia, to whom a 
free passage was given. Off the Gulf of Prevesa we met 
with a vessel which showed Austrian colours, and made us 
haul our wind. We feared that this might prove a Turkish 
cruizer, and were in a state of painful anxiety on account of 
our crew. It proved, however, to be a Greek vessel, which 
was proudly blockading the port. 

We reached Cefalonia on the 22d November. At the 
Lazaretto, Count Gamba addressed me concerning Greece. 
He conveyed my letters to Lord Byron. His lordship has 
been here about three months ; the first six weeks he spent 
on board a merchant vessel, and seldom went on shore, ex- 
cept on business. Since that period, he has lived in a little 
villa in the country, in absolute retirement, Count Gamba 
being his only companion. His lordship is beloved by Ce- 
falonians, by English, and by Greeks. Colonel Napier, the 
resident, is a good soldier and politician. He is a doing 
man, and, as far as depends on him, Cefalonia is well go- 

© 



26 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

verned. He is making fine M'Adam roads all over the 
island. 

The accounts received here about Greek affairs are not 
favourable. It is my duty to speak the whole truth to the 
Committee. Lord Byron, Colonel Napier, all, in fact, con- 
cur in representing the executive body as devoid of public 
virtue, and actuated by avarice or low ambition. The legis- 
lative body have always acted with great discretion. The 
armies and navies are ill spoken of by all Europeans: they, 
however, possess this redeeming quality, they are invariably 
successful. The primates have many of them exercised 
power under the Turks, and are, generally, vicious and de- 
void of honour. The clergy are illiterate, and not distin- 
guished for their morality. But what is most important is 
the character of the people. They are said to possess many 
of the vices of Asiatic nations; but they are sensible, shrewd, 
discriminating, anxious to acquire knowledge, and attached 
to the legislative body. M. Paraidi, Mavrocordato's secre- 
tary, called on me yesterday. He told me that Colocotroni 
had filled Napoli di Romania with his friends ; that the le- 
gislative assembly had, in consequence, quitted it, and had 
settled at Argos. The executive body adhered to Coloco- 
troni. I told the secretary that, while the government re- 
mained in this state of anarchy, they could expect no loan. 
He said that their hopes were fixed on Mavrocordato, and 
the expedition he was about to undertake. He was first to 
proceed with some ships and men to raise the blockade of 
Missolonghi, and then to make a descent opposite to Corfu, 
on the coast of Albania, where he calculated on a general 
rising. 

Having received this intelligence, I proposed to Lord 
Byron, before M. Paraidi, to address the executive and le- 
gislative bodies, to represent to them the grief he felt at 
these calamitous dissensions, which must thwart all the ex- 
ertions that had been made to obtain a loan for the Greeks ; 
and the anxious hope he entertained that, for the safety and 
happiness of Greece, they would make a generous effort to- 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. %? 

ward reconciliation. The object of the proposed measure 
was to force a reconciliation between the parties, or else to 
attach to the executive body the disgrace of having thwarted 
the loan, and thereby to render them odious to the people, 
and, consequently, powerless. 

We have this moment received good news. The Greek 
fleet has arrived at Calamatra. Troops will thence be em- 
barked for raising the blockade of Missolonghi, and will 
then proceed to Albania. Petrombey is with the fleet, and 
Mavrocordato left Hydra seventeen days back to join it. 
You are aware, I presume, that Lord Byron has generously 
advanced 4000/. towards the payment of the armament. This 
money is placed in the hands of three commissioners. The 
Turkish army before Missolonghi are said to be moving off 
by hundreds. I quite rejoice to tell you that Mr. Green's 
bills, to the amount of 2000/., have not been accepted at 
Constantinople. You are aware that Patras, the castle of 
the Morea, and Lepanto, have hitherto been supplied 
through this source, and that from these fortresses the army 
before Missolonghi also drew its supplies. Hence we may 
conclude that the Porte has no money ; that the Turkish 
troops must speedily abandon the siege of Missolonghi; and 
that the fortresses above mentioned, being nearly exhausted 
by the supplies they have afforded, and having no English 
Consul to give them further succour, must soon fall. 

Patras, as well as the Castle of Morea and that of Ro- 
melia, which are the gates of the Gulf of Lepanto, may be 
taken without much difficulty ; so also may Lepanto, though 
stronger than the others. 

You were wise in not sending the Anne to Napoli. I 
have written to Corfu, to desire Parry to proceed with the 
stores of the Hope and Anne to Cefalonia, there to remain 
till further orders. Should Missolonghi be in security, that 
will probably become our head-quarters for the present. 

I have been seriously ill. I am now well, and propose, 
after seeing Mavrocordato and Petrombey, to proceed to 
Napoli and Argos, there to endeavour, with silky words and 



28 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

appalling facts to conciliate the executive and legislative 
bodies. After this, call it vain, attempt, I shall return to 
Missolonghi, there to labour under Lord Byron, in the ar- 
rangement of all your views. The Deputies are detained 
at Corfu, in quarantine, and when released will proceed im- 
mediately to England. I think you should be silent and 
suspend operations relative to the loan, till you receive fur- 
ther authentic intelligence from Greece. I have a plan in 
my mind for the establishment of a post. Without the 
means of conveying ideas, neither military, nor commercial, 
nor political affairs can prosper. I also wish to establish 
hospitals and a dispensary. What is most wanted in Greece 
is a press, cautiously directed. Cautiously, on account of 
ears, noses, and heads. However, it is fair to say that the 
Greeks have not been guilty of enormities towards their 
Christian brethren. Towards the Jews, indeed, they have 
not displayed much milky kindness. Colocotroni, after 
Corinth bad surrendered to other chiefs, despatched his fol- 
lowers thither for the purpose of plundering. The friends 
of good government pretend that he has no great qualities. 
He was only brave the day before he became wealthy. They 
report, too, that he and his adherents are most unpopular. 
28th November. The following account of a naval victory 
may be relied on. The Greek fleet, consisting of nine ves- 
sels, commanded by Miaulis, attacked eleven Turkish ships, 
near the island of Skiatho. They fought for six hours. The 
result was glorious to the Greeks, who took one corvette of 
twenty-four guns, three brigs, and one transport. Two of 
the remaining ships they burnt, four they drove on shore, 
and one only escaped. 

I am grieved to say that the executive has refused to al- 
low Mavrocordato to command the expedition, and he is 
still at Hydra. The Primates of Carnea and Missolonghi 
solicited the senate to send him to their aid, and the people 
of the latter addressed that body to the same effect. The 
Hydriots and Spezziots are also much attached to Mavro- 
cordato. In short, the whole nation seem to look up to him 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1854. 29 

as their friend. The garrison of Corinth, consisting of 500 
men, was, according to capitulation, safely transported to 
Thessaionica. The place is now in possession of the Cap- 
tains Stiako and Niketas. These persons are not in alli- 
ance. There is a Mr. Brown here, whom you will shortly 
see. He lost his situation at Corfu in consequence of hav- 
ing communicated to Lord A. Hamilton some intelligence 
respecting Parga. This gentleman has lately visited the 
Morea, and will be,able to give you the best information on 
all points connected with its interests. I have been much 
puzzled where to send the articles brought out by the Hope 
and Anne. My thoughts are turned on Missolonghi, on 
Athens, on jEgina, but at last we decided on sending them 
to Spetzia. The situation is good and secure, the people 
are friendly, and fuel, &c. are there to be obtained. 

I am going immediately to Napoli and Argos, with a let- 
ter from Lord Byron to the general government of Greece. 
The object is to reconcile the factions, and if we fail in this, 
to throw the odium of having thwarted the loan on the of- 
fending party. This will cause a useful sensation at the en- 
suing elections. I will have the letter printed at Hydra, 
and spread it far. 

Yours, 

t; S. 
[Vide Appendix, No. 9.] 



LETTER XI. 

A SUA ECCELLENZA IL PRINCIPE ALESSANDRO MAVROCOR- 

DATO, ETC. 

Zante, 7 Decembre. 1823. 

Ho V onore d' includere nella presente diverse let- 
tere per vostra Eccellenza, da queste rileverete che sono 
inviato del Comitato Greco d' Inghilterra per agire in com- 



30 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

pagnia di Lord Byron, e far avanzare le viste di questo a 
favora della Grecia. Perarrivare a questo scopo credo che 
sia necessario di non attaccarmi a qualchesiapartito : main 
ogni caso d' agire in concerto col governo per V avanza- 
mento del maggior bene del maggior numero del popolo 
Greco. II Signor Basili, mio secretario, conosce bene tutti 
i miei sentimenti e vi mettera a giorno di tutto francamente 
e publicamente. 

II mio desiderio e grande d' avere V onore di fare la 
conoscenza di vostra Eccellenza, e di explicarvi tutti gli 
oggetti della mia missione in dettalio ; per questa ragione 
desidero molto che vostra Eccellenza mi conceda un col- 
loquio a questi parti prima di rendermi alia sede del go- 
verno. 

Ho 1' onore di essere con tutta stima e considerasione, 
Di vostra Eccellenza 

Umilissimo Servo, 

L. S.* 



* TRANSLATION. 

To his Excellency Prince Alexander Mavrocordato, &c. 

Zante, 7th December, 1823. 
I have the honour to enclose to your Excellency a variety of letters, from 
which you will perceive that I have been deputed by the Greek Committee 
in England, to act in concert with Lord Byron, and to further his views in 
favour of Greece. For the attainment of this object, I think it necessary 
not to attach myself to any party whatever, but to act in every case in con- 
cert with the government, for the advancement of the greatest good of the 
greatest number of the Greek nation. Signior Basili, my secretary, is 
perfectly acquainted with all my sentiments, and will frankly and openly 
put you in possession of them. 

I am extremely desirous of the honour of becoming acquainted with 
your Excellency, and of explaining to you, in detail, all the objects of my 
mission, for which reason I am anxious that your Excellency should grant 
me a conference in these parts, previous to my departure for the seat of 
government. 
I have the honour to be, with the highest esteem and consideration, 

Your Excellency's 

Most humble servant, 

L. S. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 31 

LETTER XII. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Missolonghi, 13th December, 1823. 

My dear Bo wring, 

I reached Missolonghi last night ; and this morn- 
ing made the acquaintance of Prince Mavrocordato. He 
was surrounded by military chiefs, primates, and others. 
After the ceremony of introduction was over, I desired my 
secretary to read Lord Erskine's letter aloud. The com- 
pany seemed moved by it, and I took that opportunity of 
mentioning to them that what they had just heard was the 
unanimous sentiment of the people of England. [Vide Ap- 
pendix, No. 10.] I then spoke of a constitutional force, 
and said that we had derived the great features of our mili- 
tary system from the Greeks and Romans ; and I regretted 
that while they preserved the heroic spirit of their ances- 
tors, they neglected to cultivate that system of close co- 
operation which distinguished their phalanxes, and gave 
them such a decided superiority over their foreign enemies. 
I then adverted to the establishment of a free press, of posts, 
of hospitals, of schools, &c. I endeavoured to represent 
the fatal effects of the disunion which prevails in the go- 
vernment, and which injures public credit, commerce, and 
all amicable connexions, and is calculated to excite the am- 
bition and to promote the success of their enemies. I 
strongly urged the necessity of attacking Patras, the Cas- 
tles, and Lepanto, the conquest of which would secure the 
Morea, deprive the enemy of the Gulf, and probably put 
the Turkish fleet in their possession. The means which I 
proposed for their adoption were these, namely, 1,000 irre- 
gulars, a corps of five German artillery-men, six twelve or 
eighteen pounders, two bombs, and Parry, with his infernal 
fires. 

The government have agreed to provision the artillery- 
men. I have written to Lord Byron to subscribe 300/. to- 



32 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

wards paying them three dollars per month each, and have 
offered myself to subscribe 100/. In three weeks I hope to 
have them from Napoli, and formed. The press will be at 
work in a fortnight. Parry has orders to come to Misso- 
longhi, where the seraglio will be prepared for his reception. 
The German artillery-men may be employed to guard and 
work in the laboratory. Mavrocordato will assist in pro- 
moting the dispensary. Pray urge the Quakers to send 
their money to me, instead of employing it in Italy, &c. A 
school shall be established as soon as we can obtain a mas- 
ter. I beg of the Quakers to send out some one immediately 
to establish their system in all its purity. I am going on 
board the Greek fleet this night. You would do well not to 
send out any individuals or articles, but to send your money 
to me, or to some one in whom you repose your confidence. 
There is an excellent Swiss established here, named Dr. 
Meyer. He has the good qualities of his countrymen, and 
is intimately acquainted with the Greek character. I have 
recommended the Greeks to have the Swiss institutions al- 
ways before their eyes, and their chiefs to have Washington 
before theirs. 

I shall shortly go to Napoli and Argos ; then be present 
at the congress ; then go to Candia, and return to Misso- 
longhi. Mr. Bentham's works are well known to our pre- 
fect here, and to many others ; they asked me about his 
Comments on the Greek Constitution. Pray send them to 
me, and, if possible, in Greek. 

L. S. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 33 

LETTER XIII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 16th December, 1823. 

My dear B. 

I send you, herewith, a copy of the minutes of the 
first sitting of the General Committee in Greece. [Vide Ap- 
pendix, No. 11.] 

The government has given up the Seraglio, an excellent 
building, for the laboratory. I have solicited two Greeks 
of respectability, to act as Parry's assistants ; and shall in 
all cases, and in all our establishments, endeavour to asso- 
ciate ourselves with the natives. By this means they will 
take a deep interest in troops, schools, hospitals, posts, &c. 
With respect to the artillery, I shall maintain it for three 
months, during which time, Patras, Lepanto, and the castles 
might be captured through its instrumentality. After this 
period, if Lord Byron does not subscribe to its further 
maintenance, the German Committee have still the means of 
supporting it for six additional months. It is also my inten- 
tion to add fifty Greeks to the corps. Parry's subordination 
will not be exacted, as he will be the inspector. The press 
will be at work immediately. The journal will be called the 
Greek Chronicle ; and the motto decided on is, u The great- 
est good of the greatest number." Lord Erskine's and Lord 
Byron's letters will appear in it immediately. 

The hospital and dispensary will be immediately estab- 
lished. I have an idea that funds might be partly obtained 
by the sale of medicines to the rich, and afterwards by a 
grant of public lands. The post, Mavrocordato says, may 
be established, and will prove highly useful ; and if no other 
person can be found to organize it, I shall undertake the 
task. I must settle this matter when at Argos. The pri- 
mates of this quarter of Greece will assemble next week, to 

E 



34 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

take into consideration an expedition against Patras, Le~ 
panto, &c. the garrisons of which are said to be in low spi- 
rits. The Greek fleet blockades the Turkish fleet in the gulf 
of Lepanto, although the latter is double the force of the 
former. The Greek admiral, on being asked by me whether 
he meant to attempt the attack, said, " Yes ; we did not come 
here for nothing." I think they will make an attempt with 
their fire-ships. I went on board the Spetziot admiral's 
ship with Mavrocordato, and afterwards, to prevent jealousy, 
visited the Hydriot admiral also. All their captains came 
on board, and, on my return, nearly all of them saluted, 
some with powder, some, according to their custom, with 
ball. Mavrocordato is a favourite with the islands, the 
people of Western Greece, and the legislative body. He is 
now president of that body, and is sent round here to settle 
affairs in this quarter. I find him good natured, clever, 
accommodating, and disposed to do good. He has rather 
an ingenious than a profound mind. He seems, at all times, 
disposed to concede, and to advance every good measure ; 
and I consider it a grand advantage for Greece that he is 
now in power at Missolonghi. The society here, consisting 
chiefly of soldiers, have received me with warm, and, I be- 
lieve, with sincere professions of regard. I consider myself 
one of them, and hope, by that means, to be considered so 
by them. 

Schools there are, I believe, none in Greece. In concert 
with some good natives I hope they may be established. 
What we most stand in need of is a good master to teach the 
system. How comes it that the Quakers are backward in 
this useful work ? I have written to Lord Guildford and 
others on the subject. The dissensions are moderating. 
Lord Byron's letter, and even my presence at the seat of 
government may, perhaps, do good. 

Lord Byron's presence here is anxiously solicited by the 
government and people. A Greek vessel has been sent to 
Cefalonia for him, and I doubt not but he will come. So 
we expect Byron, Parry, and the Press all to enter the field 



GREECE, INT 1823 AND 1824. $5 

together. From the blaze of such a constellation I shall 
turn my face, and seek honours at Napoli, Argos, &c. Half 
my day is taken up with paying and receiving visits, and the 
rest in local business, so that I have not much time to de- 
vote to the Committee. 

Yours, &c. &c. 

L. S. 

Do not send any more persons or things ; send us a 
little money, and if we squander it or rob you, then con- 
demn us, and be more prudent in future. The military 
power, in the neighbourhood of Missolonghi, is attached to 
the government, especially the brave Suliots. The people 
seem to have no prejudice against us. Metaxa, a person 
cruelly persecuted by Maitland, is the prefect here. He is 
not much attended to. In fact, the system in Greece is quite 
military and feudal, and the laws are neither much known 
nor observed. 

The executive are accused of having attempted to sell and 
to appropriate to their own use the public lands, which has 
rendered them odious. The first defence of Missolonghi, 
with only 300 men, was wonderful, and its successful result 
most important. This fortress has now some works, and 
its second defence, therefore, is less extraordinary. The 
Turks attacked it with 24,000 men. They lost by wounds 
and sickness 3000. The defence of Anatolico, which is in 
the neighbourhood, was also admirable. Previous to the 
siege of this place, it had always been supplied with water 
from a distance. During the siege, however, a shell fell in 
the centre of the place, and out gushed a spring of water, 
from which the inhabitants have ever since been supplied. 
Whether this is a miricle or a falsehood, priests and histo- 
rians must decide. 

After the assembly of the primates has been held, I anti- 
cipate the following result, viz. an expedition against Le- 
panto, the Castles, and Patras. Byron will, I hope, take 
2000 Suliots into pay ; Parry and the artillery will, by that 
time, be ready, and success will thus be secured. You 



36 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

must be aware that such a triumph would place this part of 
Greece in security, and enable the friends of freedom to 
pursue all their liberal plans. 

L. S. 



LETTER XIV. 

TO THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT OF GREECE, 

( Translated from the Italian original.) 

Missolonghi, 16th December, 1823, 
Excellent Sirs, 

Enclosed are letters addressed to you by Lord 
Erskine and Lord Byron. The arrival of the Greek fleet 
offMissolonghi, and the interesting anticipations associated 
with that event, lead me from my direct course to the seat 
of the Greek government j and I am now waiting to see 
Lord Byron, who is daily expected in this quarter. These 
circumstances have deprived me of the honour of appearing 
before you and explaining to you the objects of my mission. 
For the present, I shall not intrude upon your time by 
giving you an imperfect sketch of the feelings which your 
noble cause excites in Great Britain, or the measures which 
those who represent that feeling are anixous to pursue to- 
wards the deliverance of Greece, the promotion of her know- 
ledge, and the firm establishment of her liberties. Suffice 
it to say, that we have no selfish and no foreign feeling 
lurking about us, but are, from sentiment, as from policy, 
Greeks to the very heart. Actuated by these considerations 
I have heard, with deep concern, that dissensions prevail 
amongst the Greeks. Where this fault lies is beyond my 
knowledge; and even were I informed, it would ill become 
a foreigner to interfere in such concerns. All I can venture 
to pronounce is, that whoever or whatever may be the 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824 37 

cause of the disease, it is one that threatens the indepen- 
dence and the freedom of Greece. God grant, therefore, 
that it may be removed. 

I am, &c. &c. 

L. S, 



LETTER XV. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Missolonghi, 18th Dec. 1823. 

My dear B. 

Considering my presence here for a time useful, 
I have deferred my journey to Napoli, and have addressed 
a letter to the general government of Greece. 

The object of this was to remove the jealousy on the part 
of the executive body which my presence here was calculat- 
ed to excite, and to destroy all idea of my belonging to a 
faction. Parry has directions to proceed hither ; I shall to- 
morrow remove my abode to the Seraglio, in order to ar- 
range every thing for his reception. The yard belonging to 
the Palace is walled in, and in its front is a large space, 
where it is proposed to exercise the artillery. The artillery 
officers and men have been carefully selected. A German 
has been despatched to convey instructions to them to pro- 
ceed hither. In a fortnight all will be here, and, if expe- 
dient, at drill. I have advanced the funds for three months' 
pay ; the German Committee have funds for six months more; 
and the rest we have solicited from Lord Byron. When 
this corps shall be formed, by attaching to it 100 Greek sol- 
diers or sailors, they will be able to man a sufficient number 
of mortars and guns to take any fortress in Greece. 

The press will be at work next Monday. Its first pro- 
duction will be a prospectus. On the first day of the year 
1824 the Greek Chronicle will be issued : Dr. Meyer is the 
editor, and I have hired an intelligent man to assist him. 



38 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824- 

and have furnished him with much matter. It will be print- 
ed in Greek and Italian ; it will come out twice a week, and 
the price will be six dollars per annum. Pray endeavour to 
assist its circulation in England, and send out all newspapers 
and other matter. I hope to establish presses in other parts, 
but must wait until after the meeting of the Primates, who 
are to settle concerning the expedition, and till the inspector 
Parry is settled and hard at work. Money expended in 
England will not do one-tenth as much good as money ex- 
pended here. 

For example, — for 200/. I can set the press at work ; for 
100/. I can establish a post across the Morea; for 500/. I 
could put a force in movement that would take Patras, Le- 
panto, and the Castles, which would free Greece. Send, 
therefore, no more men or things; — send me money. Solicit 
the Quakers to send out a good schoolmaster, books, medi- 
cines, surgical instruments, and money, — to Greece, not to 
the continent. Let all articles be sent to Missolonghi, and 
addressed to me ; they will then be placed under lock and 
key in the store-house. The expedition to Lepanto, &c. &c. 
will, I think, be commanded by Mavrocordato, and will 
consist of 2,000 Suliors, together with Parry and the artil- 
lery corps. I have no fear of the result if properly conducted. 
Missolonghi is quiet, and Mavrocordato, the Primates, and 
the people, are all well disposed to further good measures. 
I am trying to connect myself with the best and most influ- 
ential natives. It would be a vain attempt to do any exten- 
sive good without their assistance : with it and a little mo- 
ney much may be effected in this neighbourhood. In the 
Morea I am informed that little or nothing can be done; but 
of this I am by no means convinced. " Nous verrons" The 
administration of the police is in the hands of the Primates 
and the Capitani, or rather justice exists not at all. Feudal- 
ism prevails in all its wildness. The Primates here are go- 
ing to solicit Lord Byron to assist them with his advice in 
their councils. Intelligence has just arrived that the Turks 
of Patras begin to talk of capitulating. Negotiations are 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 39 

strangely conducted here ; the conferences are carried on in 
an ineffectual manner for days and weeks by a Turkish and 
a Greek soldier, who smoke together and talk the business 
over. When they come to an understanding, their chiefs 
meet and agree to seal the treaty. 

It is my practice, when the natives visit me, to draw their 
attention to those points which are most essential to their 
welfare, and to put the matter in a point of view that will 
interest them, and set their minds in labour. For example, 
if I wish to recommend military discipline to them, I speak 
of the combined operations and close order observed by 
their ancestors in their arrays : speaking of education, I la- 
ment that their Turkish masters should have deprived their 
children of the means of acquiring that knowledge which 
their great forefathers so eminently possessed. As a proof 
that this works on their minds, several parents went this 
morning to Dr. Meyer, and solicited him to speak to me 
about establishing a school. Their chief want is a master 
to teach the system. Elementary works, too, are much 
wanted ; such, for instance, as the School Encyclopaedia, &c. 
and the Bible, in modern Greek. 

The followers of the Greek religion, like the Catholics 
and the Hindoos, do not read the Scriptures : the conse- 
quence is, ignorance of their creed and superstition, upon 
which is always engrafted despotism. The only edition of the 
Scriptures in modern Greek was, I believe, published at Ve- 
nice a few years back. I beg of you always to bear in mind 
that no one speaks English in this country ; that it is a se- 
rious task translating first into one language and then into 
another ; and, consequently, that all writings and matter sent 
out here should be either in Italian, in French, in German, 
or in Greek. 

Yours, &c. &c. 

L. S. 



40 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 



LETTER XVI. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 29th December, 1823. 
My Dear B. 

I sexd you an account of the proceedings of the 
third meeting of the General Committee. [Vide Appen- 
dix, Nos. 13 and 14.] It is necessary to explain this mat- 
ter to you. The Greek fleet, consisting of nine Hvdriot and 
five Spetziot vessels, are at the same time blockading the 
Gulph of Lepanto and protecting the bav of Missolonghi 
from the Turkish fleet now off Patras : thev are also des- 
tined to co-operate with the army against the fortresses on 
the borders of the Gulph of Lepanto. Now we look to this 
conjoint operation as one that will, if successful, place Wes- 
tern Greece in a state of security ; and, from the character 
cf Mavrocordato, the military chiefs, primates, and people, 
in the way to obtain good government. But the plan in 
contemplation was likely to miscarry, owing to the govern- 
ment having no means to pay the fleet, and the sailors hav- 
ing, consequently, refused to continue their services. Un- 
der these circumstances, Mavrocordato borrowed here 
and there, until at last he could procure no more money ; 
and ,500 dollars were still wanting, without which the fleet 
would not remain. Under these circumstances he sent Mr. 
Mever to me to obtain the money. I told him that I should 
devote two-thirds of my income to the Greek cause, but 
that I should only make that sacrifice to the furtherance of 
important objects which would have a lasting influence on 
the nation ; for example, in promoting education, a free press, 
and posts, to give currency to men's ideas, &c. I said that 
the expedition could not depart for a month, or accomplish 
its purpose under two months, and therefore I could only 
consent to risk my money on the guarantee that the fleet 
should remain here during that period. Mavrocordato 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 41 

signed a document, giving his word of honour that seven of 
the ships should remain here for two months, which being 
equal to the object, the contract was concluded that night. 

Your agent has now been at Missolonghi one week. Dur- 
ing that period a free press has been established, a corps of 
artillery has been decided on, the funds furnished for its 
maintenance during nine months, and a person despatched 
to assemble it; means have been furnished to prevent the 
Greek fleet from dispersing, and a proper house and grounds 
have been procured for the establishment of a laboratory. 
This is a very encouraging commencement of our labours. 

The loan should, I think, be placed under the control of 
a commission, and the money sent to Zante. I think Mr. 
BarfF, and myself, and another close-fisted person, should 
be named as commissioners ; the funds should then be 
placed in no hands but those of the government; — bv go- 
vernment I mean a regular established administration, and 
not two factions. Were this the case, the people who are 
daily gaining strength would soon oblige their masters to 
attend to their interests, or else select other rulers. The 
press will issue its prospectus this day : in it I have caused 
an article from Bentham's pamphlet to be translated ; it 
treats of the influence of freedom in America, and is all 
comprehensive and conclusive. I have also written a letter 
in the prospectus, soliciting subscriptions ; this I shall sign 
and send to each member of the executive and legislative 
bodies, and also to the principal Capitani and Primates. I 
was yesterday visited by Capitano Hormari, a brave and 
modest soldier : I asked him how many head of cattle he had ; 
he replied 500,000. Dr. Meyer confirms his statement. 

Parry has not yet arrived. He was first ordered to Cefa- 
lonia, then to Spetzia, and I, six days back, directed a letter 
to him at Corfu, changing his destination, and desiring him 
to proceed to Missolonghi. Lest he should be already off 
for Spetzia, I have addressed a letter to him there, request- 
ing his return. My orders to him have been founded upon the 
best intelligence which I was able to obtain, and they changed 



42 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

with the change of circumstances. I have obtained permis- 
sion to associate the Captain of the Port and the Commis- 
sary with Parry as his agents. They are good men, and 
will be useful to him. Money is what I want here : a little 
from the Committee, a little from the Quakers ; schools, 
presses, posts, hospitals, all will then nourish ; elemen- 
tary books on education, war, agriculture, &c. newspa- 
pers, useful pamphlets, Greek Bibles, the Monthly Reposi- 
tory, medical stores, blankets, bandages, matter for the press, 
and two schoolmasters, to teach the Lancasterian system, are 
all much required. I think with such means, placed injudi- 
cious hands, this nation might be regenerated. Address 
yours letters to me at Zante, and all things to me must be 
sent to Missolonghi. If you send persons out, which I 
hope you will not, take care to place them in subordination 
under your agents. 

I have heard of two extraordinary boys here. One is ten 
years of age, and possesses a great talent for making extem- 
porary poetry. The other is a little Jew, of seven years old, 
whom the Turks converted, par force, on account of his cal- 
culating powers. I have sent to Jannina for them, and, 
should they answer the description, I shall send them home 
to Mr. Bentham, to be educated at Hill's school, (Hazel- 
wood.) [Vide Appendix 15.] 

A sort of surly misunderstanding still exists between the 
executive and legislative bodies. The latter is accused of 
having fulfilled none of its engagements ; namely, to equip 
a fleet of sixty ships, to employ 12,000 men in an expedition, 
and to establish schools, presses, posts, &c. 

L. S, 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 43 

LETTER XVII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 23d December, 1823„ 

My dear Bowring, 

A Turkish brig was pursued by a number of Greek 
ships on the 10th, and, after a gallant running fight, driven 
on a rock near Ithaca. The Greeks rifled the sinking ship 
and pursued forty-eight Turks who sought a refuge on the 
shore. Some were killed ; some escaped. The brig had 
250,000 piastres on board, for the payment of the soldiers at 
Patras. Letters addressed to Usuff Pacha, the commandant, 
and others, stated that the troops had no pay for eighteen 
months, and that the Porte, during that period, had not 
given them wherewithal to pay the barbers for shaving 
them. Usuff Pacha's bills, for the payment of provisions, 
had been rejected at Constantinople. The commandant of 
Coron applied to the Porte for cannoneers and ammunition. 
The reply was, that they had not cannoneers even to sup- 
ply the fleet ; but that they would send a supply of ammu- 
nition. 

On the 10th December, a Greek vessel, with twenty men, 
attacked a Turkish vessel with seventy men on board. 
The latter was proceeding from Patras to Prevesa, with 
persons who had fled on account of the disorders which 
prevail at Patras. The fight was so obstinate that the 
Turkish vessel went down ; seven men were taken up and 
saved, and some reached the shore, but most of them were 
killed. 

Count Metaxa, a member of the executive, has been pro- 
secuted, judged, and dismissed from his office, by the legis- 
lative body, on account of having retired from Napoli, and 
left the executive without a sufficient number to act and pass 
laws ; Colocotroni and Petrombey having been absent, and 
three members being required to constitute a quorum. 



44, GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

Colliopulo having a dissension with Dellianopulo about the 
territory of Carritea they fought ; twelve soldiers fell, and 
then followed a convention. Colliopulo then proceeded to 
the blockade of Patras, under the command of Colocotroni. 
Probably they came to prevent Andrea Zaimi and Andrea 
Londos from their intentions to blockade Patras. The le- 
gislative body is said to be at Cranidi : if so, they have re- 
sorted to that place to deliberate in security, and to be near 
Spetzia. In this they have acted wisely. A public meet- 
ing has been held in the church of St. Spiridion, at Misso- 
longhi ; the object of which was to choose four magistrates. 
The prince Movrocordato read to them his credentials, by 
which it appeared, that the executive and legislative bodies 
had appointed him president of the legislative body, and 
civil and militarv governor of Western Greece, by which is 
meant Livadia. The aristocracy endeavoured to have the 
four members elected from their body, pretending that they 
were wiser, and knew the customs and business better than 
the plebeians. The people, on the other hand, contended 
that they could select from among themselves persons equal 
to the duties, and who would not betray their liberties. The 
result was, that two of the primates and two of the people 
were elected. 

The press is not yet in motion ; I will explain to you the 
cause. When I arrived here I found that Movrocordato 
had brought a press with him, and that Dr. Meyer had un- 
dertaken to conduct it. I immediately endeavoured to rouse 
the several persons concerned to commence the work ; but 
a thousand obstacles were thrown in the way. At last a 
house was procured and put in order : a prospectus, partly 
written by Dr. Meyer and partly by myself, was prepared, 
a list of the members of the three Parliaments, the Primates, 
Capitani, &c. was made out, and a circular letter ready to 
forward to them. In short, when I thought that the matter 
was actually printed, the redacteur declared that the language 
of the prospectus was not good ; that he had received one 
from the prince, that was all excellent ; in short, that he 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 45 

would not print the prospectus. Mark well that he is the 
only printer here. It is necessary to mention to you that, 
during Jus most important struggle, the treaty or contract, 
which I had guaranteed relative to the small loan of 100/. 
for the fleet, had heen violated. Instead of seven ships be- 
ing retained here, only five, and two fire-vessels, remained. 
The Prince's secretary came to explain the matter to me ; 
but sophistry would not do from one who was slily acting as 
censor over the press, and attempting to suppress the 
thoughts of the finest genius of the most enlightened age — ■ 
the thoughts of the immortal Bentham. I told the secretary 
that contracts were sacred things, and if they were broken in 
one instance what security was there for Lord Byron's loan 
or the expected English loan. The next morning I met the 
redacteur at Dr. M.'s, and rated him roughly. I declared 
that I would set up a press in the Morea, and expose the 
whole intrigue. I then asked whether it was intended to 
establish an inquisition in Greece. "What," said I, "will 
Prince Movrocordato say to you ; he who is the idol of the 
people, the governor they have forced the executive to adopt, 
and the president of the representatives of a free people, 
should he hear that you have acted so basely!" He shuffled, 
and agreed to publish what Dr. M. had written, but said that 
the translation from Bentham was not in good Greek, and 
could not appear. I gave him another sound rating, and he 
yielded. Since that time, the Prince has called upon me. I 
told him how infamously the printer had behaved, and re- 
peated all that I had said to him. I told him, further, that 
no man's reputation could be safe without a free press : and, 
as an instance of it, I mentioned that he was accused of 
wishing to sell the Morea to England, and of aspiring to the 
throne of Greece. The high and sturdy tone assumed in 
these two conversations produced the desired result : — the 
prospectus is printed ; and I feel proud that in Greece, as 
in Hindostan, I have contributed to the first establishment 
of a free press. There was a press, indeed, at Calamata, 
but it was under the control of Ipsilanti, and the one at Co- 



46 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

rinth was merely used for registering decrees and proclama- 
tions. I propose to establish another press, at the seat of 
the legislative body; and the lithographic ones may be 
placed at Calamata, Candia, and Athens. 

I have addressed the general government of Greece on 
the subject of the posts, and have offered to undertake the 
conveyance of the mails from Corinth to Napoli, Tripolit- 
za, and Gastouni. This will enable us to circulate let- 
ters and newspapers all over Greece, the Islands, and to 
Europe. 

I have also offered to the Prince to establish an hospital, 
and he has agreed to the terms. The government is to 
find a house, three servants, beds, &c. The medicines are 
to be furnished by me, and the upper and middle classes are 
to pay for them in such proportions as to remunerate me. 
Pray send out surgical instruments, medicines, blankets, &c. 

I have written to an American missionary at Malta, and 
to an English one at Corfu, to assist Greece with school- 
masters, books, bibles, presses, medicines, &c. 

Send your letters to Zante, Cefalonia, or Corfu, to be 
forwarded thence to Missolonghi. 

By my advice, Mavrocordato has sent to Kindermann to 
reconnoitre Lepanto. The Prince means to blockade, be- 
siege, or assault it. 

I wish that you, Gordon, Blaquiere, and Brown, would 
come out to Greece. I long to see Pinspecteur d'artillerie, 
Mr. Parry. 

The artillery corps will be formed immediately, and it 
may easily be augmented. I shall endeavour to get Guber- 
nati's corps re-embodied. More than this cannot now be 
effected. When the government has money they may then 
select some good officers, and take 4,000 irregulars into their 
pay. This will give them a preponderance. 

The troops of the Pacha of Scutari, that retired from Mis- 
solonghi, have been refused provisions by the Albanians, 
and have lost many men in fighting to obtain them. Silidar 
Poda has revolted against Omer Pacha, declaring that he 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 47 

will acknowledge none but Ismael Bey, the grandson of Ali 
Pacha, as governor of Albania. Aga Mouhourdar, another 
influential chief, has also declared for Ismael Bey. Omer 
Pacha has quitted Prevesa to attack these two chiefs, and 
that place and Arta are left defenceless. In a word, the 
Albanians are engaged in a civil war favourable to Greece ; 
and the Pacha of Scutari will not be tempted to make another 
journey to Missolonghi. 

Yours, &c. 

L. S. 



LETTER XVIIL 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 28th December, 1823, 
My dear Bo wring, 

The following is a copy of my letter to the general 
government of Greece, relative to the establishment of a post 
across the Morea. 

" Excellent Sirs, 

" A Committee in England having sent me here 
to promote the interests of Greece, I beg leave to recommend 
to the general government the establishment of a post for 
the conveyance of letters and parcels across the Morea. In 
all countries, the quick circulation of ideas must be condu- 
cive to the public good, but more especially so in a free and 
commercial state. Impressed with this conviction, if none 
other will undertake the task, I offer to convey the mails, at 
my own risk and expense. The centre of the post will be 
at Tripolitza, having correspondents at Gastouni, Napoli, 
and Corinth. From Gastouni the correspondence with 
Western Greece, the Ionian Isles, and Europe will be con- 
ducted; from Napoli, it will extend to the Isles of the Archi- 



48 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

pelago; and from Corinth, to Eastern Greece. The plan is 
as follows : — The superintendent, or first clerk, of the post, 
is to be placed at Tripolitza ; one clerk is to be stationed at 
Napoli, one at Corinth, and one at Gastouni. The duties of 
the superintendent are the general direction of the depart- 
ment, the making up of the accounts, the paying of the ser- 
vants, and receiving of the revenue every month from the 
junior clerks. All the clerks are to attend at their respec- 
tive offices for the reception and distribution of letters and 
parcels, and to receive payment for them on their delivery. 
They are to keep the accounts, of which, at the end of every 
month, they are to convey a statement, together with the 
money received, to the superintendent, at Tripolitza. The 
letters and parcels are to be conveyed by runners. The run- 
ners are to go at the rate of five miles in each hour, and they 
are daily to perform about twenty miles. The post is not 
to proceed on Sundays. 

" One post-day the runners are to proceed in the direction 
of Corinth, and the following post-day in the direction of 
Gastouni. 

" Letters and parcels are to pay in proportion to their 
weight, and the distance they are conveyed. 

" A single letter of two drams is to pay five paras for four 
hours, and parcels at the same rate. 

" The payment is to be made on the delivery of letters and 
parcels. 

" The office does not guarantee any objects of value that 
may be despatched by the post. 

" The superintendent is to receive five dollars per month, 

the clerks four dollars each, and the runners three dollars 

each. 

" L. S." 

31st December. 
Missolonghi is placed in a state of difficulty. The neigh- 
bourhood has been ruined by two Turkish campaigns. Pro- 
visions are, consequently, very dear. The town is filled 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 49 

with the Primates, Capitani, and their followers, who have 
come here to attend the Congress assembled to consider the 
affairs of Western Greece. All are looking forward to Lord 
Byron's arrival as they would to the coming of a Messiah, 
Three ships have been successively despatched after him, 
and he promises that he is on the eve of departing ; but two 
of these ships have, one after the other, been obliged to quit 
the harbour of Cefalonia without him. The third ship has 
not yet returned. Meanwhile the Greek soldiers and fleet 
murmur for pay. Mavrocordato tells them that he will pay 
them on receiving Lord Byron's loan. The loan comes not 
to hand, and I am called upon to give security for 100/. bor- 
rowed from the German Committee. This I do under pro- 
mise that seven ships are to remain here for two months. 
Three or four days after, the contract is broken, and only 
five remain. On the 29th December, the sailors of these 
remaining ships complain that they have no pay. They 
demand it, or threaten to quit the vessels. They have put 
their threat in execution ; whether to return or not we are 
ignorant. During this eventful period, Usuff Pacha, the 
commandant of Patras, is named Captain Pacha. He is a 
gallant fellow ; and finding that the Greeks have only five 
ships here, persuades the Turkish fleet to venture out of the 
Gulf of Lepanto, and they are now blockading the port. 
Beyond these, again, are seen the Greek ships, and, among 
the rest, the one that was sent for Lord Byron. Whether 
he is onboard or not is a question. You will allow that this 
is an eventful day, when I tell you that the Turkish fleet is 
come out ; that Lord Byron is expected ; that the Congress 
is to meet ; and that the prospectus has, at last, made its ap- 
pearance. We conceive that the Turkish fleet will either 
return into the Gulf in a few days or be off altogether. The 
latter supposition is founded on our knowledge that the for- 
tresses and the fleet are in want of provisions. 

Events change every moment. The Turkish fleet is re- 
tiring into port. 

Since I last addressed you, I have had another hot fight 



50 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

in defence of the press. Dr. Meyer called on me to say 
that Bentham's remarks could not appear in the prospectus, 
I told him that they must, or I would retire from my con- 
nexion with him and his press. They have appeared. You 
will judge of the importance of the impression which this 
passage must make on men about to legislate on the measure, 
and on a people about to stare and wonder at something 
new. 

The legislative body is settled at Cranidi, opposite to 
Spetzia. There they may deliberate safely. Ulysses has 
taken Karisto, in Negropont. No place of strength now 
remains therein the hands of the Turks but the capital. 

Lord Byron's two servants have just arrived here, and 
have brought me a letter from his Lordship. [Vide Appen- 
dix, No. 16.] He and Count Gamba set off in two vessels 
from Cefalonia. They went to Zante, and thence proceed- 
ed for Missolonghi, with their bills of lading made out for 
Calamata. Just as they were coming into port, out came 
the Turkish fleet, Gamba was taken by a frigate and con- 
veyed to Patras. The Zante government will demand his 
restoration, and that of our press, &c. Lord Byron had a nar- 
row escape. He got into Scrofus, a little island, a few hours 
sail from this. Thither I have sent two armed boats, and 
a company of Suliots, so that he may come by sea or land, as 
he pleases. He will be here to-morrow. If he had not come 
we had need have prayed for fair weather : for both fleet and 
army are hungry and inactive. 

Parry has not appeared. Should he also arrive to-morrow, 
all Missolonghi will go mad with pleasure. 

Pray send us out matter for our press, in Italian, French, 
or German. What we want are short plain essays, on li- 
berty, on lav/, on justice, on publicity, on elections, on 
education, &c. The labour of translating such things, and 
then watching their re-translation into Greek, is not in my 
power. I hope our press will not he detained at Patras, 
For want of Roman letters, we cannot print the Chronicle 
in Italian. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 5X 

The public meeting is put off till to-morrow. I have re- 
commended Mavrocordato to endeavour to introduce disci- 
pline and system there, otherwise noise and riot will prevail, 
and no business will be done. I have, also, advised him to 
propose a number of the most enlightened and virtuous 
men to form committees, and to prepare reports for the 

approval of the General Assembly. 

Yours, &c. 



LETTER XIX, 

TO THE SAME. 

2d January, 1824. 

My dear Bowring, 

Here you have our Greek Chronicle. The pas- 
sage from Bentham is from his pamphlet on the liberty of 
the press, pp. 9, 10. The prospectus I have distributed to 
the members of the two last parliaments, and to all the Pri- 
mates, Capitani, and Sages of Greece, the islands of the 
Archipelago, the Ionian Isles, &c. I have written to Dr. 
Psylas, to invite him to conduct a paper at the seat of the 
government which is now at Cranidi. I have, also, written 
many articles for the press. If you could send me a couple 
of men who could speak French, German, or Italian, and 
who could write strong articles in plain language, they would 
do incalculable good here. 

Byron is expected here every moment. Count Gamba is 
in no danger; but I fear the Committee's articles will not be 
restored. The press is the most valuable of them. 

Every thing is going on well here. My room is full of 
natives from morning to night, and the object of every word 
I utter is to impress upon their minds the advantages of li- 
berty, education, the pure administration of justice, &c. 
Prince Mavrocordato is a good man. Do not imagine, how- 



52 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

ever, that he is a friend of liberty in a large sense. He is 
not : but these are no times for an avowal of sentiments 
hostile to freedom. 

Yours, &c. 

L. S, 



LETTER XX. 



TO M. PSYLAS, 

Jan. 2d, 1824. 



Monsieur, 

Un comite en Angleterre a envoye ici quelques 
presses, a dessein de donner publicite aux pensees des 
horames, a fin d'eclairer l'esprit public en Grcce. 

Le Comite m'a confie la tache de mettre en mouvement 
cette machine puissante. Par consequent j'ai demande aux 
personnes instruites qui etoient les hommes les plus habiles, 
prudents et honnctes pour diriger les Gazettes. 

Au commencement du catalogue de ceux-ci je vois votre 

nom. C'est pour cette raison que je prends la liberte de 
vous demander si vous etes dispose a entreprendre cet 
office a la residence du gouvernement, et sous quels termes. 

J'ai l'honneur d'etre, 

Votre tres humble serviteur, 

L. S.* 



* TRANSLATION. 
To M. Psylas. 

Jan. 2d, 1824. 
Sir, 

A committee, in England, has sent to this country several presses,, 
for the purpose of giving publicity to the ideas of men, in order to enlight- 
en the public mind of Greece. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 53 

LETTER XXI. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Missolonghi, 3d Jan. 1824. 
My dear Bowring, 

A public meeting of the Primates and Capitani 
of Western Greece took place here yesterday, in the yard 
of the Seraglio ; Prince Mavrocordato opened the meeting. 
He said, he had heard with delight, on his arrival here, 
that the patriot warriors of Western Greece had driven the 
enemy, with great loss, from their soil, and had thereby 
saved Missolonghi and Peloponnesus from pest, death, and 
ruin. With no less delight did he see these same persons as- 
sembled to deliberate on the state of Greece. He could not 
but anticipate that their undertakings, in civil as in military 
affairs, would be attended with advantage. With respect to 
union of sentiment, it was not to be met with in private or 
in public assemblies ; but when the end was good, the colli- 
sion of sentiment tended to enlighten men, and to promote 
the common interest. Passion and civil discord were alone 
the sources of mischief. For a proof of this it was not ne- 
cessary to cite history, the facts were before their eyes ; and 
from their past sufferings they should learn to be wiser for 
the future. Greece had, indeed, nothing to fear from the 
enemy. She had confounded the Turk even when disunited. 



The Committee has confided to me the task of putting this powerful 
machine in action, and I have, therefore, inquired of well informed per- 
sons, who were the most able, prudent, and honest men, to be intrusted 
with the direction of the Gazettes. 

At the beginning of the list of these I perceive your name. It is on 
this account that I take the liberty of inquiring if you are disposed to un- 
dertake that office at the seat of government, and on what terms ? 

I have the honour to be, 

Your most humble servant, 



£4 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

But, united, she had pushed her advantages still further, had 
saved her soil from desolation, and her resources from ruin. 
The prince thought not with those who traced discord and 
disunion to poverty. On the contrary, he considered that 
Greece did possess resources equal to the drain occasioned 
by the war, if well husbanded. But if she did not possess 
sufficient wealth, was it by disunion that wealth was to be 
obtained ? Surely not. For who would lend when he knows 
not to whom he lends, and whom to look to for his capital ? 
He then observed, that the illustrious person whom the peo- 
ple had brought to Missolonghi, by their repeated calls, 
could be of no use to them unless they acted with union and 
friendship. All good depended upon themselves. With it 
they required no individual aid, without it no aid cauld be 
effectual. There was, he said, a report abroad, that he must 
repel as calumny. It had been rumoured, that Western 
Greece wished to separate her interests from those of the 
Morea. It was not so : but if the latter possessed resources 
beyond her wants, it was but just that she should contribute 
to a war carried on for the defence of our outworks. If, as 
has been asserted, the revenue of the Morea had been squan- 
dered and pillaged, the people had a right to demand redress 
from the government, or rather, they should give the go- 
vernment the force necessary to effect the object. Prince 
Mavrocordato then recommended the meeting to appoint 
a secretary, and two or three members from each can- 
ton to form committees, to make reports for the acceptance, 
correction, or rejection of the general assembly. With re- 
spect to his own sentiments, they should be publicly can- 
vassed. He then again recommended friendship and union, 
which could alone save the commonwealth, and concluded 
by moving the following questions: — 1st. What are the 
means to check maladministration in the cantons, to prevent 
the field from being wasted, and to secure to the husband- 
man the fruits of his labour ? 2d. What force should be 
maintained, and how should the money and rations be fur- 
nished ? 3d. How should our military measures be con- 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 55 

ducted so as to promote the general good ? 4th. How re- 
gulate the dues of the Capitani, so as to prevent misunder- 
standings amongst them ? 5th. What means should be 
employed to effect a general union, and to give force to the 
government ? After this motion a short debate took place* 
The necessary measures were agreed to, and the meeting 
was adjourned. All present were quiet and conducted them- 
selves admirably. 

We require the support of mind and matter for the press- 
The people of Greece know nothing of liberty. How should 
they, after centuries of Turkish domination ? They require 
to be taught the elements — the A B C of good government. 
Their instructors, however, should be able and doing men : 
I wish you could get two or three such to come here. The 
people are ready to catch at any thing to promote their wel- 
fare, if it were thrown in their way. 

Mavrocordato lately informed me, that the poll-tax of one 
piastre had been levied last year. From it the government 
had ascertained that the whole population now under their 
control, including the islands, amounted to about two mil- 
lions of souls. 

The executive, after much fencing, have at last had a fray 
with the legislative body. The story is as follows : The 
legislative body expelled Count Metaxa from the executive, 
for absenting himself from his duties without permission, 
and leaving only two members, who could not form a quo- 
rum, to pass laws, &c They then named a successor. The 
minister of finance was, in like manner, displaced, for hav- 
ing, without any authority, established a salt-monopoly z 
four representatives were also dismissed for not attending 
their duties when called on, at Napoli, to do so. The exe- 
cutive, irritated at these acts of justice, sent Niketas and 
young Colocotroni, with two hundred men, to Argos, to 
explain matters. On their arrival they proceeded to the 
house of assembly. The members had just terminated their 
sitting. Two of them, in going out, met this armed body> 
and conducted them into the senate, which was soon filled 



SS GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

with soldiers. They were questioned as to their conduct in 
removing Metaxa and the finance minister from their offices. 
They, in reply, contended against the neglect of sacred du- 
ties, monopolies, and arbitrary power. Niketas then said, 
he would make the law with his sword, and have a military 
government. It was at length agreed, that the assembly 
should meet to consider the message in the afternoon. 
Meanwhile the soldiers seized the archives of the legislative 
body. The moment the members heard of this outrage, 
they ordered the Capitani, at the head of the police, to re- 
cover the archives. This order was obeyed with admirable 
courage and address. 

The executive body is hateful to the people : they wished 
not to see a monopoly of power ; but a monopoly of salt 
came still more home to their feelings. They rose in favour 
of their representatives. The tyrants retired. The legisla- 
tive body then removed to Cranidi. There they issued a 
proclamation, protesting against this lawless act, and threat- 
ening to prosecute the violators of the constitution. The 
people of Hydra, the great naval state, have addressed both 
bodies in a becoming strain on this subject, and the assembly 
here will follow the example. Two days before the receipt 
of this intelligence, Colocotroni addressed several of the 
capitani at Missolonghi, and called upon them to meet him 
at Gastouni, to form an efficient military government. The 
letter was read aloud at the "general assembly. The people 
murmured, and not a voice was raised in favour of the pro- 
position. 

Cranidi is a tolerable town, with about 1,000 houses in it, 
and as many troops. Hydra is near to it, so that the repre- 
sentatives of the people may there deliberate in safety. I 
think this event will have a good effect. The people have 
been touched in a sensitive part; they have tried their power 
— have succeeded, and have been applauded. Lord Erskine's, 
Lord Byron's, and my letters will have reached the general 
government just after this affair, and they will shortly ap- 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 57 

pear in the Greek Chronicle, which will be circulated by the 
newly established post. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER XXII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 5th Jan. 1824. 
My dear B. 

Count Gamba has just arrived here with all the ar- 
ticles belonging to the committee. He was taken early in 
the morning by a Turkish ship. The captain thereof or- 
dered the master on board. The moment he came upon 
deck the Turk drew his dazzling sabre, and placed himself 
in an attitude as if to cut his head off. He, at the same 
moment, asked him where he was bound to. The frightened 
Greek said, to Missolonghi. They gazed at each other, and 
the Turk then recognized in his prisoner one who, on a 
former occasion, had saved his life. They embraced. Next 
came the Count's turn. He declared — swore that he was 
bound to Calamata ; that the master had told a lie from fear; 
and that his bill of lading would prove his assertion true. 
They were taken to the Castle of the Morea, well treated, 
and, after three days, released. On quitting the Gulf, our 
fleet saluted them with their cannon. 

The moment I reached Missolonghi, and found the place 
in safety, I despatched a vessel to Corfu, with orders to 
Parry to proceed hither. The ship unfortunately foundered, 
but the letter was sent forward on the 26th of December, 
and must have arrived about the end of the month. I have 
as yet heard nothing of him. Whether he is gone round to 
Spetzia, or is coming hither, I know not. I have, however, 
despatched letters to him in all directions. 

After Zakaropulo had recovered the archives, by direc- 

11 



58 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

tion of the legislative bod) 7 , as I stated in my last, the troops 
sought Londos. Fortunately for him, he was out, but they 
pillaged his house. The members of the legislative body 
then assembled at the vice-president's house, and resolved 
to defend themselves there. The troops retired ; and, on 
the following day, the famous Colocotroni made his appear- 
ance. He cursed the senators, and called them all Turks, 
Two days after this, on the 12th of December, the executive 
met some of the members of the legislative body near Na- 
poli. The former declared themselves innocent of the affair 

at Argos. 

Yours, 

L. S. 

P. S. Lord Byron has this moment arrived. He was re- 
ceived with military honours and popular applause. His 
Lordship had a narrow escape, having passed close to a 
Turkish frigate. He thinks they must have taken his vessel 
for a brulot. The sailors say his Lordship conducted him- 
self with admirable coolness. 

L. S. 



LETTER XXIII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 6th January, 1824. 
My dear Bowring, 

You once spoke to me about forming a utilitarian 
society for the purpose of spreading knowledge and every 
thing that contributes to good government. Reflection and 
experience have convinced me that such a society is much 
wanted. It would by degrees acquire a knowledge of what 
infant and struggling nations require, and how their wants 
can be supplied ; and what persons and what things would 
contribute to their advancement. I should conceive, out 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 59 

of our and the foreign Spanish and Greek Committees, that 
you might select many persons that would enlist themselves 
in such an undertaking. 

Sir T. Maitland has issued a proclamation, complaining 
of the conduct of some Greek ships. This document is 
couched in unbecoming language, and in a spirit of partiality 
and injustice. I will relate to you the circumstances of the 
two cases. 

The Greek fleet, in going from Hydra to Missolonghi, 
fell in with a Turkish brig near Scrofus. They chased her. 
She behaved gallantly, and at length ran on a rock near 
Ithaca. The Greeks sent a boat to seize and rifle their 
prize. The Turks made for the shore, and from the shore 
fired and killed Nichola Bulugo and wounded Pano Trian- 
dophilo, both Spetziots. The Greeks upon this followed 
the Turks on shore, and killed and wounded some of them* 
The Greek commandants did all in their power to prevent 
their sailors from going on shore, and exerted themselves 
to hasten their return. The crime, therefore, of Turks and 
Greeks was nearly the same ;- — both violated the laws of neu- 
trality and of quarantine. But Sir T. M. launches all his 
thunders against the Greeks, and talks of their having been 
commanded b)^ " un certo nominato Principe Mavrocordato" 
but who did not command the fleet. 

The other case was that of a trader from Missolonghi, who 
took it into his head to attack a Turkish boat near Sta. 
Maura. Some of his men he put on shore, and so got his 
antagonists between two fires, and took four of them. On 
the return of the San Nicholas to Missolonghi, the govern- 
ment heard of the lawless conduct of this captain, and im- 
mediately prosecuted him as a pirate. Here again the law 
of nations and quarantine laws were broken by a pirate. 
And for these acts Sir T. Maitland fulminates against the 
Greek nation. When will this man cease to persecute a 
people gloriously struggling for their lives and liberties t 

Lord Byron was received here in triumph. His Lord- 
ship is, I fancy, going to take 500 Suliots into his service, 



60 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

This will give government here the power to act, support 
her civil institutions, and add to her strength in the field. 
His Lordship has given 100/. towards the support of the 
artillery corps, and 50/. in aid of the press. His Lord- 
ship, however, thinks the press will not succeed. I think it 
will. 

The following is a copy of my letter to the general go- 
vernment of Greece on the subject of the press. 

Air Eccellentissimo Governo Generale della Grecia, in 

Cranidi. 

Missolonghi, 7 Gennaro, 1824. 

II Comitato d'Inghilterra ha mandato qui diverse stam- 
perie per spargere il lume del secolo decimo nono, e farlo 
operare sul destino della nazione Greca. La lunga espe- 
rienza in Inghilterra, in Swizera, e nei stati uniti dell' 
Anglo-America ha provato a tutti che la publicita degli 
atti tanto giudiciari che parlamentari e d' ogni altro, e ne- 
cessaria alia giustizia, alia liberta, ed al buon governo, ed 
in conseguenza alia pace e felicitadi tutte le nazioni. Per 
questa ragione desidero imprestare una delle dette impri- 
merie all' Eccellentissimo Governo Generale della Grecia, 
a vista che esso abbia la volonta ed i mezzi per metterla in 
utile attivita. Ho scritto al Signor Dr. Psylas a Athene, 
onde sapere se e disposto di condurre la detta imprimeria 
su principi perfettamente liberali ed imparziali alia sede 
del E. Governo. Sperando di partire il piu presto possibile 
per la Peloponnese, vi solicito di rispondermi prontamente 
su questa comunicazione. Ho P onore di protestarmi, 

Vostro umilissimo servitore, 

L. S. 

Agente del Comitato Greco in Londra* 

* TRANSLATION. 

To the most excellent the General Government of Greece in Cranida. 

Missolonghi, January 7th, 1824. 
The English Committee has sent hither several presses, for the purpose 
of spreading the light of the nineteenth century, and causing it to act on the 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 61 

The following circular concerns the schools. 

CIRCULAIRE. 

Missolonghi, 8 Janvier, 1824. 

Messieurs, 

Je suis charge du Comite d'Angleterre pour etablir 

des ©coles en Grece, en but de repandre les lumieres. Quel- 

ques bons patriotes d'ici se sont reunis chez moi hier au 

soir a ma recherche et ils ont decide les propositions sui- 

vantes : 

Missolonghi, 26 Decembre, 1823, S. V. 

Assemblee de quelques bons patriotes a Missolonghi, a 
but de former un Comite qui s'occupera de repandre Pe'du- 
cation en Grece. 

(Choix de 14 membres du Comite.) 

Les membres presents ont decide de s'unir les dits mes- 
sieurs invites par une circulaire chez M. le Col. Stanhope, 
a 10 heures d'apres midi de la Dimanche prochaine, pour 
commencer la premiere session de leur Comite. 



destinies of the Greek nation. Long" experience in England, in Switzer- 
land, and in the United States of Anglo-America, has proved to all that the 
publicity of judicial, parliamentary, and all other proceedings, is necessary 
to justice, liberty, and good government, and consequently to the peace 
and happiness of all nations. For this reason I am desirous of lending one 
of the said presses to the most excellent General Government of Greece, 
seeing that it has both the will and the means of putting it into a state of 
useful activity. 

I have written to Signor Psylas, at Athens, to know if he is disposed to 
conduct the said press on perfectly liberal and impartial principles, at the 
seat of government. As I am in hopes of setting out as soon as possible 
for the Peloponnesus, I beg of you to give me an early answer to this 
communication. 

I have the honor to profess myself 

Your most humble servant, 

L. S. 

Agent of the Greek Committee in London, 



62 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

D'apres cette derniere resolution, je vous solicite dc 
m'honorer chez moi a 10 heures la Dimanche prochaine. 

J'ai Fhonneur d' etre, etc. 

L. S.* 

I attended the church here on Christmas day. The wo- 
men were all behind the lattices. The ceremony was chiefly 
mummery. The priests are said to be illiterate and immo- 
ral. The people are not very superstitious nor much priest 
ridden. Education, the press, the translation of the Scrip- 
tures, and the collision of religious opinions, will purify 
their minds on the most important subjects. I beg of you 
to send the prospectus of the Greek Chronicle to the three 
German Committees, and desire them to get the sub-com- 
mittees to subscribe to it. 

The congress here have done much good. They have 
agreed to limit their force to 2500 men in Western Greece, 
which consists of twelve cantons. They have also resolved 
to nominate a military council of three, who are to remain 
with the government, and are to be the channel of com- 
munication between it and the army. All the revenues, in- 



* CIRCULAR. 

Missolonghi, January 8th, 1824. 
Gentlemen, 

I am charged by the English Committee to establish schools in 
Greece, with the view of spreading information. Several good patriots of 
this town met yesterday evening, by my desire, at my residence, and agreed 
to the following propositions : 

Missolonghi, December 6th, 1824 (O. S.) 

" Meeting of some good patriots for the purpose of forming a committee 
to spread the benefits of education in Greece. 

(Choice of 14 members of the Committee.) 

" The members present have resolved to meet the aforesaid gentlemen, 
invited by a circular, at Colonel Stanhope's, on Sunday next, at ten o'clock 
in the evening, to open the first sitting of their Committee." 

In pursuance of this last resolution, 1 have to solicit the favour of your 
company, at my residence, at ten o'clock next Sunday. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

L. S. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 63 

stead of being seized by the Capitani for the payment of 
their troops, are to be placed in the coffers of the govern- 
ment. This will enable them to pay and control the army, 
and to put the constitution in force. Eastern Greece has 
resolved to follow the measures adopted by the Congress at 
Missolonghi, and Ulysses will support them. Thus our 
prospect brightens, Eastern and Western Greece are united 
in the work of improvement, and the people of the Morea 
are disgusted with the salt-monopoly and the disunion 
which prevails amongst the chiefs, and in their government. 
The expedition to Lepanto will certainly take place. Lord 
Byron, who is soldier-mad, will accompany it with his 500. 
The Suliots may, perhaps, creep into and take the fortress 
by surprise ; or Parry may frighten them with the artillery 
and his fires into a surrender, or else it must be starved out. 
The garrison are tired of the constraint and privations 
which they are compelled to endure. 

I beg of you to address all the societies which can be use- 
ful to Greece. The Bible Society can send them the scrip- 
tures in modern Greek ; the School Societies, masters and 
books ; the Agricultural Society, models and books ; the 
Benevolent Society, money or information, &c. I think you 
should get some short elementary tracts on freedom, on pub- 
licity, on justice, and on agriculture, translated into modern 
Greek. The intelligence contained in them might then be 
spread through the medium of the newspapers. 

The Dispensary is now established under charge of Dr. 
Millingen. 

Dr. Tindall has just arrived from Athens. He says that 
every thing will be furnished for an hospital there by the 
government, except medicines. He represents the executive 
and legislative bodies as in a passive state towards each 
other. Metaxa is still officiating in the executive. The 
country is in a quiet state ; the police active and efficient ; 
and the people remarkably civil to the English. Dr. T. 
presented a letter of recommendation to the governor of 
iEgina and Salamis. He said he had rather he had come 



64 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

without one, as the name of an Englishman was quite suffi- 
cient. 

The Moreots, Dr. T. says, are crying out for a king, but 
he must be a foreigner. Bernadotte is mentioned. Why 
not the Duke of Sussex ? 

Messrs. Hastings, Trelawny, Finlay, and Hesketh, are all 
at Athens. Mr. Hastings is highly spoken of by the execu« 
tive body ; you should appoint him your agent at Candia, 
and in the islands. 

Dr. T. says that the chiefs will not allow a press to be 
established, as it would destroy their influence. They say 
it is premature. Nous verrons. 

Bark and calomel are much required. 

Yours, &c. 

L. S. 



LETTER XXIV. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 14th January, 1824. 
My dear Bowring, 

Herewith, enclosed, I send you the first number 
of the Greek Chronicle. Our motto is — " The greatest good 
of the greatest number," and upon this principle the paper 
is to be conducted. The first article contains the news ; the 
second is the proclamation of the legislative body, on the 
excesses committed by the generals of the executive. The 
last is Lord Byron's letter on conciliation. The assembly 
here is dissolved, and the Capitani and Primates are about 
to proceed to their respective stations. The great measure 
effected by the Congress is the reduction of the military 
establishment of each of the chiefs, and the obtaining their 
sanction for placing all the revenue in the coffers of the 
government. This will enable the government to put the 
constitution and the laws in force. Lord Byron has taken 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 65 

500 Suliots into pay. He burns with military ardour and 
chivalry, and will proceed with the expedition to Lepanto. 
The Suliots have refused to quit Missolonghi till they are 
paid. The government, not having the means to pay them, 
have called upon the authorities in the city to make the 
necessary disbursements. All this will be arranged. The 
constitutional party are gaining ground in the Morea. 

Yours, &c. 

I_4t O, 



LETTER XXV. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 14th January, 1824. 
My Dear Bowring, 

Our courier, who is a German officer, has just 
returned with the Germans from the Morea. There remain 
of the whole corps only twenty-six persons, the rest have 
retired or are dead. Of those that remain, few will be 
available. It is not, therefore, yet decided whether they 
shall all be sent back to Germany, or whether the elect shall 
be retained as a skeleton, on which to form a corps of Greek 
artillery. The object of such a corps would be to breach 
and assault fortresses, to direct the rockets, to defend places, 
to work in the laboratory, &c. Our courier was searched 
by order of Colocotroni, but he concealed the letters. He 
was obliged to tear up Mavrocordato's passport, and to get 
another from the local authorities. The courier informs us 
that the legislative body is in force, and can count up 3 or 
4,000 men, and, in general, upon the great mass of the peo- 
ple. The courier was in the presence of the young Coloco- 
troni, (the great Chief's nephew,) at Gastouni, when five 
soldiers entered the room, and demanded their pay and dis- 
missal. He gave them their pay, but desired to know their 
reasons for leaving him. They would, for some time, assign 

I 



66 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

no reason. At last, a noble Greek soldier stepped forward, 
and said, I will speak truth : the reason I quit your service 
is, that I will not serve against my countrymen. Parry 
has not arrived ; he puts me in a fever. I am anxious to 
be with the legislative body ; but till he arrives, I cannot 
move. The conduct of the Holy Alliance against the South 
American States makes me tremble for Greece. We have 
not a moment to lose. Pray send to Dr. Meyer matter for 
the Gazette, in Italian, German, or French. In all things 
connected with Greece consult those Anglo-Indians who 
understand the character of Asiatic nations. It is thus that 
I find myself quite at home in Greece. 

Yours, &c. 

L. S. 



LETTER XXVI. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 7th Jan. 1824c 
My dear B. 

Greece is big with events ; every day we receive 
some important intelligence, and our time passes away in a 
perpetual crisis. Since the attack made upon the legislative 
body at Argos, and the attempt made to rob them of their 
archives, two proclamations have been issued by the execu- 
tive. The first of these contained a defence of their con- 
duct, but expressed no regret for what had happened ; and 
the second called on the representatives of the nation to 
send deputies to confer with them, and to settle their differ- 
ences. The legislative body, finding, however, that, under 
the mask of conciliation, the disorders went on increasing, 
resolved on changing the members of the executive in toto. 
Colocotroni had, some time back, sent in his resignation ; 
but this he was wont to do when in a sullen mood ; Metaxa 
had been dismissed for absenting himself from his duties, 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. Qf 

and the other three members were, I trust, tried and judged 
singly, and according to the language of the constitution. 
The newly chosen executive consists of Giorgio Conduri- 
otti, the president : of Panioti Botesi, an admiral ; of Jean 
Coletti, a clever but intriguing politician ; and of Nicolo 
Londos, of Patras ; the fifth member is not yet named. 
The islands approve these measures ; and all here seem to 
entertain the same feeling. The general opinion is, that 
they will be attended with no evil, but with every beneficial 
consequence. Eastern and Western Greece, the islands, 
and the people, all appear adverse to Colocotroni ; and there 
are none but Pertombey, Niketas, and some others of his 
powerful relations, who support him. 

Coray has addressed Mavrocordalo from Paris. He is 
the only Greek that speaks in the right tone. He cuts up 
Metaxa for his petition to the Pope, in which he places 
Greece at the disposal of the Holy Alliance. He strongly 
recommends the diffusion of instruction, through the medi« 
um of education and the press, and ridicules Ipsilanti for 
retaining his Turkish title of prince. 

The press is exciting general interest. All our party are 
working for it ; some translate, and some write original ar- 
ticles. As yet we have not got a compositor to arrange our 
Italian types ; and we have no figures. These are obstacles 
and trifles that we must overcome. We are apprehensive 
that Sir Thomas Maitland will doom the Greek Chronicle 
to an everlasting quarantine. 

The Germans have arrived ; but they are so weak in num- 
bers, and so demoralized by hardships, that only five or six 
can be found that will suit the proposed artillery corps. Under 
these circumstances, I raised difficulties, but Lord Byron 
would hear of none. He insisted upon having my 100/. and 
threatened, if I refused it, to libel me in my own Chronicle* 
Upon this I took fire, and declared that, if he would do so 
with all the strength of his powerful and sarcastic mind, I 
would pledge myself to subscribe double the sum. Ami 
not a swaggerer ? Be this as it may, an artillery corps there 



68 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

will be, composed of German and English officers and Greek 
soldiers. 

Lord Byron has received a letter from Capt. Hastings, in 
which he recommends a steam-vessel. He would build it 
here, and have the engine sent out from England. It should 
carry two thirty-two pounders and two large carronades of 
sixty-eight, from which he would fire the newly-invented 
shells, whichl believe act as both shot and shell. The crew 
to consist of sixty Englishmen. With such a ship, Capt. H. 
thinks he could sail into the Dardanelles and destroy the 
Turkish fleet. For my own part I do not calculate on won- 
ders : I do, however, think that, with such a vessel, the 
Turkish fleet now in the Gulf of Lepanto might be destroy- 
ed. At my request Count Gamba, who is a good and sen- 
sible person, has made an extract from the letter, and will 
forward it to the general government for consideration. 
Prince Mavrocordato told me that the islands would lend 
one of their vessels if required. Perhaps you could fit out 
a large boat with a powerful steam apparatus to tow a ship 
that would answer the purpose, be more applicable, and less 
expensive. I shall propose to the government to devote a 
part of the loan, provided they obtain one, to this object. 

We have just heard that Parry has arrived at Corfu, and 
we expect him here immediately. Everything is preparing 
for him. — A house, an artillery and rocket corps, and an 
expedition against Lepanto. One week after his arrival I 
hope to be in the Morea ; and I think Lord Byron will start 
about the same time, with his 500 brave Suliots, for Le- 
panto. 

Lepanto is a place of no strength. The garrison consists 
of about 500 Turks. They have a free communication with 
Patras, and cannot be starved out while they are masters of 
that place and of the Gulf. The fortress might, I think, be 
taken by surprize, by escalading it, a little before dawn, in 
half a dozen places at once. The success of any one of the 
divisions would secure the capture. As for taking Lepan- 
to, with the Greek troops, by siege, or by shells and rockets, 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 69 

such ati event is extremely improbable. All would depend 
on the conduct of its defenders. Asiatics, behind walls, 
behave frequently like heroes, and sometimes like dastards. 
With them no one can calculate on results. 

The press which you sent out has been made over to Dr„ 
J. J. Meyer, of Missolonghi. He had previously only the 
use of a press, but this being but an indifferent one, and be- 
longing to the printer who refused to publish Mr. Ben- 
tham's remarks in the prospectus, I thought it desirable to 
secure the freedom of writing and publishing by placing 
our press in the hands of a bold, honest, and intelligent 

Swiss. 

Yours, &c. 

L. S, 



LETTER XXVIL 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 18th January, 1824, 

My dear Sir, 

I have just received a letter from a person at Le- 
panto. He says that the soldiers of all the fortresses are 
clamorous for their pay. In the absence of other intelli- 
gence of temporary interest, I will endeavour to give you 
an idea of the present state of Greece, as regards the admi- 
nistration of justice. 

Greece is divided into cantons and sub-cantons. These 
are under the immediate government of prefects and sub- 
prefects. Each community elects a president, who is under 
the primate of the district, and both are directed by the 
sub-prefect. In every canton and sub-canton there is a 
court of justice. The prefect communicates with the minis- 
ter of the home-department. In each canton there is a se- 
cretary-general, a finance-minister, a war-minister, a naval- 
minister and captain of the .port where required, and a mi- 



TO GREECE, IN 1825 AND 1824 

nister of police. The sub-cantons have analogous establish- 
ments. Each community elects three persons, who repre- 
sent the government, and act under the sub-prefect. 

There is a justice of the peace in each canton. In each 
sub-canton there is a court consisting of three judges for 
commercial, political, and criminal affairs. These courts are 
provisional. In each, canton there is a tribunal of five, called 
Tribunal des Armes. The justice of the peace decides all 
matters not exceeding one hundred piastres ; those under 
fifty piastres are not appealable. He also judges all petty 
cases of assault, and all questions concerning irrigation. 
He cannot sentence to more than three months' imprison- 
ment, and has the power of changing bodily punishment 
into a fine, which must not exceed 150 piastres. From 
these judgments there is no appeal. Each justice of the 
peace has a secretary and a registrar. No prosecution can 
take place without a written statement. All sentences must 
be given in public and in writing. If the parties are not 
satisfied with the sentence, they must immediately write 
down their intention to appeal on the brief. 

The first tribunals decide political, commercial, and cri- 
minal affairs, and, also, cases of appeal from the justices of 
the peace. In these courts all pleas and answers must be in 
writing : their sentences are not definitive, but are liable to 
revision by the Tribunals of Appeal. 

The Tribunals of Appeal judge all cases of appeal from 
the first tribunals. The sentences of these courts, on com- 
mercial and political affairs, not exceeding 4,000 piastres, 
are final; but, when they exceed that sum, an appeal lies to 
the General Tribunal of Greece. In criminal cases the sen- 
tences of the Tribunals of Appeal are not appealable, ex- 
cept sentence of decapitation be awarded, in which case, re- 
ference may be made to the General Tribunal. 

Each community has a notary, who must be approved by 
the government. All money-contracts must be made in his 
presence, and both parties must come before him for that 
purpose. He must, also, attend those who wish to make 



GREFXE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 71 

their wills, and notify the physical and moral state of the 
testators. 

The most important measure to impress on the public 
mind in Greece is publicity. To this end, I have caused 
many articles on the subject, from Bentham, Dumont, and 
others, to be translated for insertion in the Greek Chronicle. 
To give additional weight to their writings with the igno- 
rant, I have written on the subject of their characters. The 
following is an example : — " We understand that Mr. Ben- 
" tham has directed Colonel Stanhope to send to England 
" two Greek boys, to whom he will give the best possible 
*' education. We trust that Colonel S. will be extremely 
" careful in his selection. He should consult the wisest 
" men on this subject. He should endeavour to obtain 
64 the offspring of parents who have been prominent in 
" rescuing Greece from the satanical rule of the Turks, and 
" have been firm in promoting her liberties ; also, children 
u of ingenious disposition, of healthy frames, of superior 
■ - natural talents, and who are likely hereafter to have an 
" influence in the state. We felicitate our countrymen on 
" having such a friend as Bentham. From the commence- 
" ment of our struggle, he has taken a deep and active in- 
" terest in our salvation ; and he has lately, we hear, writ- 
" ten a commentary on our excellent constitution. These 
" acts acquire additional lustre from Mr. Bentham's cha- 
iC racter. He is the greatest civilian of this, or perhaps, of 
" any age, and is renowned all over the world as a great 
u public benefactor." 

We had a riot here last night. Some Suliots insisted 
upon taking up their quarters in the house of a burgher. 
Resistance was made, and several persons were wounded. 
The fray over, a townsman went to Prince Mavrocordato 
to demand redress. Presently after, a corps of Suliots 
went to him for the same purpose. I met them on my road 
home from Dr. Meyer's. The burgher on his way was 
questioned by Dr. Meyer. He was narrating the events of 
the fray, when a Suliot passed, and shot him dead. The 



72 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

Prince assembled the military chiefs, and insisted on their 
delivering up the malefactors to justice. They shuffled, ar- 
gued, and, finally, consented. Wonder not at this fray : 
wonder, rather, that 5,000 undisciplined, ill-paid, armed 
soldiers, from different quarters, should have been here 
nearly a month, should have consented to a reduction of 
their force, and should, under these circumstances, have 
departed without having been guilty of any outrage. 

The Greek fleet is under sail to watch the Turkish fleet, 
which is said to be coming out. We are expecting Parry 
every moment. The Turkish fleet has, since writing the 
above, ventured to quit the Gulf, and is, we think, gone to 
Prevesa. 

Dr. J. J. Meyer has conferred the greatest possible ser- 
vice on the cause of Greece, by establishing a free press at 
Missolonghi. He conducts it on the most liberal and en- 
lightened principles, and I do, therefore, most earnestly so- 
licit the Committee to subscribe 50/. or 100/. towards the 
support of the Greek Chronicle. This paper will be regu- 
larly forwarded to the Committee. 

L. Si 



LETTER XXVIII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 21st January, 1824= 
My dear B. 

Men of business and talent are much wanted in 
Greece. In no country is there a greater deficiency of prac- 
tical statesmen, and in few is there a greater diffusion of in- 
tellectual aptitude among the people. I mention this be- 
cause I wish you to send out here a few men of political 
acquirements to write for the public journals ; and also, to 
induce as many independent persons to travel hither as pos- 
sible. The continent of Europe is overrun with Greeks. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 



/ o> 



whose presence in their own country would be of infinite 
service to the cause. Try to persuade all friends of liberty 
to bend their course this way, provided they can afford to 
spend from 60/. to 100/. per annum. Such men will mate- 
rially assist the state. 

The Greek fleet is departed, and the Turkish fleet now 
blocckades the port. What will become of Parry ? I have 
suggested the following plan :— To write to Parry to pro- 
ceed to some safe port in the neighbourhood, with orders 
to come hither, and to disembark, the moment the Turks 
disappear ; then to spread a report that the Greek fleet is 
expected here immediately, and to send out some gun-boats 
in the dead of night to fire into the sterns of the Turkish 
vessels. These measures, I should expect, would induce the 
Turkish fleet to retire into the Gulf, and Parry would thus 
be enabled to land the stores, and the Anne might after- 
wards depart in safety. 

Enclosed is the third number of our Chronicle. The 
first article is on the war: the second is a strong attack on 
the defunct executive body. Its language is bold and true. 
I doubt, however, whether it is wise to make enemies of a 
party so powerful. My policy in this country, and at this 
period, would be to strive to offend no one, but, on the con- 
trary, to make all friendly to the press. I would, however, 
at the same time, contend for the absolute liberty of the 
press, and for publicity in every shape. If the bolder course 
succeed, so much the better ; but I do not like to hazard and 
gamble where the fundamental happiness of a nation is at 
stake. The last article in the Chronicle is on Mr. Bentham, 
Its object is to dispose the people to read and contemplate 
his works. Conviction follows. 

Lord Byron possesses all the means of playing a great 
part in the glorious revolution of Greece. He has talent ; 
he professes liberal principles ; he has money ; and is in~ 
spired with fervent and chivalrous feelings. He has com- 
menced his career by two good measures : — 1st, by recom- 
mending union, and declaring himself of no party : and 3 

K 



74 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

2dly, by taking 500 Saliots into pay, and acting as their 
chief. These acts cannot fail to render his Lordship univer- 
sally popular, and proportionally powerful. Thus advan- 
tageously circumstanced, his Lordship will have an oppor- 
tunity of realizing all his professions. In his course he will 
be closely watched and scrutinized by his countrymen, and 
by the whole world. His fame, like that of other promi- 
nent men, must depend on his conduct. 

We are preparing a brulot, for the purpose of endeavour- 
ing to fire one of the Turkish ships. Should we fail, which 
is probable, we may, nevertheless, succeed in frightening 
the delicate nerves of the enemy, and in inducing him to 
re-enter the Gulf and raise the blockade. 

Mr. Hesketh is about to proceed to Cefalonia, to concert 

measures for Parry's safe embarkation. 

Yours, &c. 

L. S. 



LETTER XXIX 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 24th January, 1824. 

My dear Bowring, 

I am in the habit of putting written questions to 
Lord Byron for his decision. The following have received 
his Lordship's answers, and I am desirous of submitting 
them to the Committee. 

1st. — Will your Lordship allow me to make over a cer- 
tain quantity of Greek and Roman types to the editor of the 
Greek Chronicle ? — Yes. 

2d. — Will your Lordship subscribe 50/. for the support 
of the Greek paper ? — Yes. 

3d. — Will your Lordship allow me to take round the 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 75 

printing press, &c. to the seat of the Greek government, 
u e. of the legislative body ?— We will talk over this article. 

4th. — Will your Lordship subscribe 100/. towards the 
support of the German artillery? — Yes. 

5th. — Will your Lordship allow 100/. of your loan to the 
Greek government to be made over to the German Com- 
mittee, they having advanced that sum to the said govern- 
ment on my guaranteeing its repayment? — Yes. 

6th. — Would your Lordship approve of Mr. Hesketh be- 
ing appointed Sub-intendant of Stores ?— Yes. 

7th. — Would your Lordship approve of my exchanging 

the Greek Committee's press for one belonging to the editor 
here ? — This article I do not quite understand, but will talk 
it over with you. 

The following one has given rise to some discussion be- 
tween his Lordship and myself, with the substance of which 
I think it necessary that the Committee should be acquaint- 
ed. I have, therefore, subjoined the heads of a conversation 
which has passed between us on the subject. 

Your Lordship stated yesterday evening that you had said 
to Prince Mavrocordato that, " were you in his place, you 
would have placed the press under a censor," and that he 
replied, " No ; the liberty of the press is guaranteed by the 
constitution." Now I wish to know whether your Lordship 
was serious when you made the observation, or whether 
you only said so to provoke me ? If your Lordship was se- 
rious, I shall consider it my duty to communicate this affair 
to the Committee in England, in order to show them how 
difficult a task I have to fulfil, in promoting the liberties of 
Greece, if your Lordship is to throw the weight of your 
vast talents into the opposite scale on a question of such 
vital importance. To this question I solicit a written an- 
swer, lest I should misrepresent your Lordship's opinion and 
sentiments. 

After Lord Byron had read this paper he entered into 
conversation with me on the subject. He said that he was 
an ardent friend of publicity and the press ; but he feared 



H GREECE, IN 1823 A&D 1824. 

that it was not applicable to this society in is present com- 
bustible state. I answered that I thought it applicable to 
all countries, and essential here, in order to put an end to 
the state of anarchy which at present prevailed. Lord B* 
feared libels and licentiousness. I said that the object of a 
free press was to check public licentiousness, and to expose 
libellers to odium. Lord B. had mentioned his conversation 
with Mavrocordato to show that the Prince was not hostile 
to the press. I declared that I knew him to be an enemy to 
the press, although he dared not openly to avow it. His 
Lordship then said that he had not made up his mind about 
the liberty of the press in Greece, but he thought the expe- 
riment worth trying. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER XXX. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 27th Jumsary, 1824, 
'My dear B. 

The Capitani being the most powerful and influen- 
rial men in Greece, I will give you a short account of one of 
them, named Stonari. This chief lives at a village called 
Kutchino, near the river Aspropotamos, in Thrace. A 
portion of his property lies in the plain, and the rest in the 
mountains. He possesses about one hundred and twenty 
villages, and each of these contains, upon an average, about 
seventy families. The people of the mountains are chiefly 
occupied with their herds. Stonari himself has about 7 or 
8,000 head of cattle, and his family altogether own about 
500,000. They consist of horses, oxen, cows, sheep, and 
goats, but chiefly of the two latter. The flocks remain seven 
months in the mountains, and the rest of the year in the 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. yy 

plains. The Capitano lets out his cattle to herdsmen, who 
are bound to give him yearly, for each sheep, two pounds of 
butter, two pounds of cheese, two pounds of wool, and one 
piastre. Each family has from fifty to one hundred and 
fifty head of cattle, and they generally clear a small tract of 
ground and cultivate it. The plains are tolerably well cul- 
tivated. They do not belong to Stonari, but are held by the 
cultivators, who pay one-third of their rent to the Turks, 
one-third to the Capitano, and one-third for the maintenance 
of the soldiers. 

The peasantry live ill. They have eighty-nine fast-days 
in the year, in addition to the regular fasts, which are every 
Friday and Saturday. On other days they eat cheese, but- 
ter, and bread ; and on Sundays and festivals, meat. The 
women are treated like slaves, and perform all the hard la- 
bour. The Capitani and Primates pay little more respect 
to their wives than to their vassals. When a stranger ap- 
pears, the women kiss his hand, and bring him water. They 
do not appear at table with their lords. 

The inferior Capitani, under Stonari, each receive the dues 
of three or four families, and each commands a certain num- 
ber of men. 

The regular soldiers under Stonari amount to 400. He 
could muster 3000 more from among his peasantry. They 
are paid only during three months in the year : the first class 
receive twenty piastres per month ; the second fifteen ; and 
the third twelve. They live well, and eat twice a day bread 
and meat. They receive their rations from the owners of 
the houses where they dwell. They are furnished with am- 
munition and hides to make shoes of from the Capitano, but 
they find their own arms and clothes. They are subjected 
to no military discipline or punishment, and can quit their 
chief at pleasure. When on a march, the officers of the vil- 
lages through which they pass, must furnish them with 
quarters, and the owners of the houses where they lodge, 
must provide them with food and whatever they demands 
if they do not, they are sure to be ill-treated. The troops 



FS GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

cannot, however, remain above three or four days in the same 
village. 

There is a Primate in each village. These Primates are 
under the control of the Capitani, who are the princes of 
the country. 

Each village is generally provided with two or three 
priests, who receive from 100 to 600 piastres yearly. The 
people are very religious, and fear their pastors. There are 
several monasteries in Stonari's district, but no nunneries. 
In the Morea there are two nunneries. The priests are not 
generally rich. 

Justice there is none. The Priests, the Primates, or the 
Capitani, decide arbitrarily in all cases. 

The wives of the soldiers remain in the villages during their 

husband's absence, to look after their families and flocks. 

Parry has not yet arrived. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER XXXI. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 28th January, 1824, 

My dear B. 

Parry has arrived at Ithaca, and has sent Mr. 
Humphries to Missolonghi for instructions. After receiv- 
ing his intelligence, I consulted with Lord Byron and Prince 
Mavrocordato. I then wrote to Parry to proceed to Dra- 
gomeste, there to disembark all his stores, and to place them 
in the magazines. From Dragomeste they will be conveyed 
to this place in small craft. Two hours after Mr. H.'s ar- 
rival, he was sent back to Ithaca, so that the amount of de- 
murrage will not be great. 

Colonel Gordon and Captain Blaquiere are, I am told, 
coming out to Greece in the spring. Their presence will be 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 79 

attended with the most beneficial consequences. Pray urge 
their speedy departure. 

Captain York, of the Alacrity, a ten-gun-brig, came on 
shore, a few days ago, to demand an equivalent for an Ionian 
boat that had been taken in the act of going out of the Gulf 
of Lepanto with provisions, arms, &c. The Greek fleet, at 
that time, blockaded the harbour with five brigs, and the 
Turks had fourteen vessels of war in the Gulf. The Cap- 
tain maintained, that the British government recognized no 
blockade that was not efficient, and that that efficiency de- 
pended on the numerical superiority of cannon. On this 
principle, without going at all into the merits of the case, 
he demanded restitution of the property. Prince Mavrocor- 
dato remonstrated, and offered to submit the case to the de- 
cision of the British government; but the Captain perempto- 
rily demanded restitution of the property in four hours. He 
received 200 dollars as an equivalent. Lord Byron con» 
ducted the business in behalf of the Captain. In the even- 
ing he conversed with me on the subject. I said the affair 
was conducted in a bullying manner, and not according to 
the principles of equity and the law of nations. His Lord- 
ship started into a passion. He contended, that law, justice, 
and equity, had nothing to do with politics. That may be; 
but I will never lend myself to injustice. His Lordship 
then began, according to custom, to attack Mr. Bentham. 
I said, that it was highly illiberal to make personal attacks 
on Mr. Bentham before a friend who held him in high esti- 
mation. He said, that he only attacked his public principles, 
which were mere theories, but dangerous ; — injurious to 
Spain, and calculated to do great mischief in Greece. I did 
not object to his Lordship's attacking Mr. B.'s principles ; 
what I objected to were his personalities. His Lordship 
never reasoned on any of Mr. B.'s writings, but merely made 
sport of them. I would, therefore, ask him what it was that 
he objected to. Lord Byron mentioned his Panopticon as 
visionary. I said that experience in Pennsylvania, at Mil- 
bank, &c. had proved it otherwise. I said that Bentham 



80 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

had a truly British heart ; but that Lord Byron, after pro- 
fessing liberal principles from his boyhood, had, when called 
upon to act, proved himself a Turk. — Lord Byron asked, 
what proofs have you of this ? — Your conduct in endeavour- 
ing to crush the press, by declaiming against it to Mavro- 
cordato, and your general abuse of liberal principles. — 
Lord Byron said, that if he had held up his finger he could 
have crushed the press. — I replied, with all this power, 
which, by the way, you never possessed, you went to the 
Prince and poisoned his ear. — Lord Byron declaimed against 
the liberals whom he knew. — But what liberals ? I asked ; 
did he borrow his notions of free-men from the Italians ?-— 
Lord Byron. No ; from the Hunts, Cartwrights, &c. — And 
still, said I, you presented Cartwright's Reform Bill, and 
aided Hunt by praising his poetry and giving him the sale of 
your works. — Lord Byron exclaimed, you are worse than 
Wilson, and should quit the army. — I replied, I am a mere 
soldier, but never will I abandon my principles. Our prin- 
ciples are diametrically opposite, so let us avoid the subject. 
If Lord Byron acts up to his professions, he will be the great- 
est; — if not, the meanest of mankind.— He said he hoped 
his character did not depend on my assertions.— No, said I, 
your genius has immortalized you. The worst could not 
deprive you of fame. — Lord Byron. Well ; you shall see ; 
judge me by my acts. When he wished me good night, I 
took up the light to conduct him to the passage, but he said, 
What ! hold up a light to a Turk ! 

I hope that the Quakers will now begin to apply their 
funds to the promotion of education, the establishment of 
dispensaries, &c. in Greece. Their aid is much wanted, and 
it will be most usefully and effectually applied in the country 
itself. We should limit our charities to acts of wide-spread- 
ing and permanent utility. All our exertions must other- 
wise be comparatively insignificant. Some of the unfortunate 
Greeks, whom the Quakers, with such laudable intentions, 
sent home, are now pining in want, and contributing to 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 81 

create farther distress. I am surprised that this does not 
occur to their excellent understandings. 

Ulysses writes, that the Turks have endeavoured to make 
a diversion in Negropont, but have been driven back into 
the fortress. He represents the capture of Negropont as 
essential to the interests of Greece, inasmuch as the riches 
of that place alone would enable her to carry on the war 
against the Turks. Ulysses talks of a congress at Salona 
in Eastern Greece. This powerful chief is said to be in 
the democratic interest. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER XXXIL 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 31st January, 1824. 

My dear B. 

The members of the new executive body have been 
sworn in, and all seems to be going on quietly. Petrombey 
and Satiri Caralamba wrote to the general government re- 
questing that their names might be added to the list of the 
Supreme Council, in order to prevent the disgrace of being 
dismissed. This was refused, but they were allowed to 
resign. When the ex-members received the account of their 
fall, they are said to have felt like fish within the influence 
of a blazing light, — amazed — stupefied — lost. 

The Suliots have refused to quit Missolonghi, until they 
have received the arrears of pay that are due to them, and 
until some place has been appointed for the reception of 
their families. There are 500 of them here, and they receive 
rations for 1200. This is a Turkish custom, and is very apt 
to mislead people with respect to the strength of their armies. 
The Suliots are much protected by Prince Mavrocordato* 

3L. 



82 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

Other chiefs have their own troops to support them, but he 
having no money, and therefore no followers, looks to the 
Suliots for political and personal support. 

Foreign influence will, I fear, soon show itself in hostile 
array against the liberties of Greece. The sovereigns, in 
their great and infinite goodness, will send us a ruler of 
their caste. If the Emperor of the North should send us, 
from the wilderness, a rugged Russian bear, there are those 
here that would embrace it. Remember, this is my opinion, 
and all my exertions are directed, not towards averting such 
an evil, for that is impossible, but towards ingrafting such 
maxims on the public mind, and establishing such institu- 
tions as will eventually thwart the efforts of despotism. 
Education and publicity I hold to be the most effectual 
means of promoting this object. 

Mavrocordato is a clever, shrewd, insinuating, and amia- 
ble man. He wins men, at first, by his yes's and his smiles. 
He is accessible and open to good counsel ; but he pursues 
a temporizing policy, and there is nothing great or profound 
in his mind. He has the ambition, but not the daring self- 
confidence required to play a first part in the state. His 
game, therefore, is to secure the second character either 
under the commonwealth or under a king. The constitu- 
tion is said to be his child, but he seems to have no parental 
predilections in its favour. And what, after all, can you 
expect from a Turk or Greek of Constantinople ? All men 
are more or less influenced by the circumstances and the 
society that surround them; and Mavrocordato, in the office 
of a vizier, might be eulogized by the historian as a demi- 
god. 

The Greek constitution has many defects. What consti- 
tution has not? But with all its faults, the friends of liberty 
should cling to it, lest the Holy Alliance should take advan- 
tage of their dissensions, step in, and mar the work of im- 
provement. 

The artillery corps makes great progress. Care has been 
taken to select for it none but men of good character ; and 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 83 

to establish a rigid discipline, without harshness Or cruelty. 
The people crowd round the corps when it is at exercise ; 
the Sulints begin to follow their example, and even the chil- 
dren imitate their manoeuvres. Our object should be, to 
establish a disciplined force on constitutional principles. I 
shall, therefore, hold out to the Greeks the utility of co- 
operation. In proof of this I shall set before their minds 
the feebleness of the Persian hordes, the strength of the 
phalanxes of their ancestors, and the competency of the 
militias of Switzerland and America to cope with the best 
armies of modern times. 

Parry has been ordered to proceed from Ithaca to Dra- 
gomestre, or Scrofes, and from thence to send the articles, 
in boats, to Missolonghi. As soon as I have settled him 
here, and seen his men and machinery fairly at work, I shall 
proceed to Lepanto, to Napoli, and Cranidi. 

Lord Byron has been officially placed in command of 
about 3000 troops, destined for the attack of Lepanto. The 
garrison is discontented, and there is hope of its surrender- 
ing, either formally or by treachery. The Greek troops 
will not storm. The capture of this place would be of vast 
importance to the Greek cause. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER XXXIII. 

TO SIR F. STOVEN. 

Missolonghi, 3d February, 1824 
My dear Sir, 

My letters have been detained an unusual time in 
the post-office, at Zante. I have, therefore, thought it my 
duty to communicate the circumstance to you, in order that 
you may take such measures as you may think expedient, 
to prevent the recurrence of such neglect. I cannot imagine 



84 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

that any thing of a questionable character occasioned the. 
detention of my letters, especially as they have always been 
sent unsealed. They are left open to any one who will take 
the trouble to read them. All I solicit is, that, when curi- 
osity is satisfied, they may be forwarded to the person to 
whom they are addressed. 

Pray excuse the liberty I take in addressing you on this 
subject, and believe me 

Your most faithful servant, 

L. S. 



LETTER XXXIV. 

TO J. BO WRING, ESQ. 

Missolonghi, 4th February, 1824. 

My dear B. 

Parry has not arrived, but nearly all the people 
and stores, sent out by the Committee, are safely lodged in 
the Seraglio. This house has long been in possession of 
the Suliots. It is a place of considerable strength, and may 
be considered the citadel of Missolonghi. The Suliots are, 
as you know, without a home ; several month's pay are due 
to them, and they are the best soldiers in Greece. Under 
these circumstances, they have constantly evaded quitting 
Missolonghi and the Seraglio ; Lord Byron has, however, 
used an argument that has persuaded them to do both. He 
told them that if they did not quit the Seraglio immediately 
and the town when he commanded them so to do, he would 
discharge them from his service. The Suliots esteem Lord 
Byron and his money. They consented. 

How is it that our curious and enterprising countrymen 
are so backward in visiting Greece ? There was a time 
when they had a rage for travelling here, and now that their 
presence would be so useful, thousands of them halt in Italy, 
within one stage of this land of interest, as if crossing the 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 85 

Ionian Sea were as difficult an undertaking as the North- 
western Passage. Or is it the annoyances and dangers 
which they dread ? No, — that would not be consistent with 
their manly character ; besides, both these evils were per- 
haps greater under the Turkish rule than they are at the 
present moment. 

That Greeks of education, who are declaiming about pa- 
triotism in a foreign land, should absent themselves from 
their native country, is another grievance deeply to be de- 
plored. These are the men that should be struggling in the 
good fight, or endeavouring to put the laws and constitution 
in force. I beg of you, through the medium of the public 
prints, to do your best to persuade all such persons to pro- 
ceed immediately to Greece. I am much disappointed at 
your not having persuaded the Quakers to send out some 
school-masters. Had I at my disposal three well-qualified 
persons of this description, I would spread the Lancaste- 
rian system as far as the Grecian conquests have extended. 

The emigrant Greeks, whom the Fighting and Swiss and 
Quaker Committees have sent to Greece, are starving. 
Surely it would have been better to have left them where 
they were, rather than to have exposed them to this state 
of indigence, and to have applied the funds so expended to 
other objects. 

Arrangements have been making to establish a national 
force in Missolonghi. The town is to be divided into can- 
tons ; each of these is to elect a chief, and all are to serve 
in their turns. The sailors are to serve in the artillery, and 
the rest as irregulars. The whole are to exercise every 
Sunday. This outline has been decided on. When this 
system is in full operation, the mercenaries will not be re- 
quired. 

The Dispensary has succeeded. The affluent pay a mode- 
rate price for their medicines ; the indigent have theirs for 
nothing. On this principle, with the trifling capital of 40/. 
and the aid of a medical man, this charity may, in any con- 
siderable town, be established and perpetuated, 



86 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

The Greek Bibles have arrived. They will save the priest© 
the trouble of enlightening the darkness of their flocks. 
Flocks indeed ! With the press and the Bibles the whole 
mind of Greece may be put in labour. 

The Greek government have issued a proclamation con- 
taining twelve charges against the late executive body, for 
having violated the constitution. All is quiet and going on 
well : wonderfully well, considering the ages of despotism 
from which Greece is just escaped. 

I am, &c. 

L. S. 



LETTER XXXV. 

TO PRINCE MAVROCORDATO. 

Missolonghi, li 5 1'ebbrajo, 1824= 

Principe, 

Abbiamo 1' onore di informarvi che il Comitate? 
Greco di Inghilterra ha mandato in Grecia un' elaboratorio 
completo coi necessarj artifici, che si stabilisce ora in Misso- 
longhi. II Comitato con questa sua misura, come in tutte 
le altre, brama di far avanzare la cognizione e la liberta 
della Grecia. Quest' elaboratorio e capace di preparare e 
formare tutti i materiali di guerra, sia per il servizio marit- 
timo, che di terra. Pud costrurre dei bastimenti di qualun- 
que specie, fondere cannoni, martaj, palle, e bombe di 
Schrapnel ; costrurre carri d' ogni forma, far polvere, razzi 
alia Congreve, ed ogni sorta di fuochi incendiarj. II diret- 
tore, o maestro di fuoco puo dare insegnamenti per la pra- 
tica delP artiglieria, per gettare le bombe, i razzi, ed anche 
per tutta 1' arte di fabbricare ogni materiale di guerra. 

Quest' elaboratorio puossi considerare anche non solo 
qual utile sorgente di tutti i bisogni per la guerra, ma qual 
modello, e scuola. Avendo fatto uno schizzo del carattere 
di questa parte, desideriamo di informarvi che esso stabili- 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 87 

mento e soltanto per la pubblica utilita ; percid vi preghia- 
liio di additarci immantinente in qual modo volete servir- 
vene, e quali sono gli oggetti che stimate necessarj per la 
espedizione che si e sul punto di intraprendere ; e nell' 
aspettativa di una pronta risposta, passiamo con distinta 
stima a dirci di v. eccell. 

Devotissimo servi, 

Noel Byron, 
Leicester Stanhope.* 



* TRANSLATION. 

To Prince Mavrocordato. 

Missolonghi, 5th February, 1824 
Prince, 

We have the honour to inform you that the Greek Committee of 
England has sent out to Greece a complete laboratory-establishment, which 
is now fixed at Missolonghi. The Committee in this, as in all its measures, 
is anxious to promote the knowledge and freedom of Greece. The labo- 
ratory-establishment is capable of manufacturing all the materials of war, 
either in the naval or military department. The artizans can construct 
vessels of all descriptions; they can found cannons, mortars, and howitzers; 
also shot, shells, and spherical case shot ; they can make carriages of all 
kinds ; likewise gunpowder, Congreve rockets, and all sorts of inflamma- 
ble fires ; the fire-master undertakes to give instructions in the practice of 
artillery, in projecting shells and rockets, and in the whole art of manufac- 
turing the materials of war. In a word, this laboratory may be considered 
not only as a useful source of supplying warlike stores, but as a model and 
a school. 

Having sketched the character of this department, we must now inform 
you that it is sent here solely for the purpose of public utility. We, there- 
fore, beg of yon forthwith, to inform us in what manner you wish it to be 
employed, and what stores you require for the expedition which you are on 
the point of undertaking. In expectation of a prompt reply, we remain, 
Your Excellency's most devoted servants, 

Noel Byron, 
Leicester Stanhope. 



88 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

LETTER XXXVI. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Missolonghi, 7th. February, 1824. 
My dear B. 

The following are the charges of which the members 
of the late executive were found guilty, by a commission of 
nine of the legislstive body : 1st, For having misapplied the 
funds of the land and sea forces. 2d, For having allowed 
two members to carry on the functions of the executive. 
3d, For promoting officers contrary to law. 4th, For having 
sold the cannon, taken at Napoli, without consulting the re- 
presentatives. 5th, For uniting the cantons of St. Pierre 
and Prastos, without consulting the legislative body. 6th, 
For selling Turkish slaves contrary to law. 7th, For 
having proclaimed the sale of the national property without 
the consent of the legislative body. 8th, For allowing 
the finance minister to establish a monopoly of salt. 9th, 
For sending M. Metaxa, a member of the executive, to 
Carilis, and leaving the supreme body of the state with only 
two persons, and from that period having avoided all corres- 
pondence with the legislative body. 10th, For having 
allowed M. Metaxa to act as a member of the execu- 
tive, after he had been sentenced to dismissal by a com- 
mission of the legislative body. 11th, For not having 
acknowledged M. Coletti as a member of the executive, 
after he had been chosen by the legislative body. 12th, 
For having allowed an armed body to depart from Napoli, 
and to act against the legislative body at Argos. These 
charges, and the dismissal of the members of the late exe- 
ecutive, were published in a proclamation issued by the pre- 
sidents of the new executive and the legislative bodies. 

The rumoured loan to the Resurrection Knights of Malta 
has occasioned some surprise here. I understand that the 
Knights, under the immediate influence of France, offered 
to assist Greece in her struggle against the Turks, provided 
thai the Greeks would allow them to possess Rhodes, and 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 89 

other states eastward of that island. The Greeks, aban- 
doned even by the constitutional governments, and fighting 
for their lives, gave a sort of provisional consent ; but they 
are by no means pledged to this contract, unless England 
forces them to seek a refuge in the arms of the enemies of 
freedom. 

The government of the Ionian Isles have allowed the 
Greek Chronicle to circulate in their territory. It is now 
sent to Joannina, to Cairo, and to Constantinople. I have 
no one to work the lithographic press ; however, I shall 
learn the art, and teach it to others on my arrival in the 
Morea. 

A Committee reported last night to Lord Byron that the 
Greek government of Missolonghi had not the means of un- 
dertaking the siege of Lepanto. He recommended it to be 
blockaded by 2,000 men, and the artillery corps, with eight 
of the guns of the Committee. Meanwhile, guns should be 
sent there from Corinth, and rockets manufactured at Mis- 
solonghi. [Vide Appendix, No. 17.] 

Parry and his men seemed a little disgusted with the ap- 
pearance of Missolonghi. It is, indeed, nothing but mud 
and mire. They are now, however, all hard at work ; their 
thoughts are turned to other matters, and the croaking has 
ceased. I hope that this laboratory establishment may be 
rendered permanent. I consider it as one of the schools 
that my worthy employers have established for promoting 
useful knowledge in Greece. 

There are about twenty Englishmen here. They give a 
life and excitement that has changed the appearance of the 
place. It is for this reason that I wish others of my coun- 
trymen to bend their steps this way. Where are your Hob- 
houses, your Humes, and Sheridans, that used to explore 
Greece and to deplore her fall ? 

We are much in want of printers here. I am, in fact, at 
a loss to know where to find one to take to the seat of go* 
vernment. The editor here has an interest in not communi- 
cating the knowledge of his art, and cannot be expected to 



#0 4&IEECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

furnish means of instruction that would militate against that 
interest. Under these circumstances, I beg of the Commit- 
tee, when they send Greeks or others here, to have them 
practically instructed in common and lithographic printing. 
I think the two Greek boys at the Lancasterian school should 
be employed in this way. Mr. Sheridan Wilson, an Ame- 
rican missionary, at Malta, has established a Greek press 
there. He is translating some useful books into that lan- 
guage. To him I have written to send one or two printers 
to Greece, I wish you would get some elementary works 
on the English, the American, and the Swiss constitutions 
translated into modern Greek, and have them circulated in 
this country. 

I am anxious to give permanency to all the measures of 
the Committee: permanency to our schools, to our hospitals, 
or dispensaries, to our artillery corps, to our printing-offices, 
and to our laboratory-establishment. The method of effect- 
ing the latter object is by getting a number of Greek me- 
chanics, say twenty, to work there. This method I have 
proposed to Mr. Parry, to Mavrocordato, and to the Greek 
government. Mr. Parry has undertaken, in sixteen days, 
to have the artillery corps disciplined and fit for service. 
By his advice, eight guns are to accompany Lord Byron's 
expedition to Lepanto. Each of them will be commanded 
by an officer. The officers and non-commissioned officers 
consist of Englishmen and Germans. By this means we 
have provided for all the persons you have sent out, and for 
all the Germans that wished to remain in the country. The 
rest will be sent home. 

Pray write to the German and Swiss Committees, and 
give them accounts of all that is passing here. It is impos- 
sible for me, much as I wish it, to keep them informed ; and 
the members of their Committees, whom they have appoint- 
ed to act for them here, write to them but seldom. Instead 
of communicating by every post, they send a packet every 
three months. I have in vain remonstrated. 

Yours, 

L. S, 



GREECE, IN 1824 AND 1824. 91 

LETTER XXXVII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 11th February, 1824. 

My dear Bowring, 

SirT. Maitland is dead. God rest his soul. Lord 
Byron has sent four Turkish prisoners to Usoff Pacha, at 
Patras. He has done well. I shall endeavour to take ad- 
vantage of this act by commenting on it in the public papers. 
The unchristianlike practice of slaying prisoners will be 
checked and prevented by the press. 

The laboratory is now all arranged. Parry is all life and 
activity. The establishment does great honour to the Com- 
mittee. I have inserted the following parapraph in the 
Greek Chronicle. " The first great object of the Greek Com- 
mittee in England is to give that civil and military know- 
ledge to Greece of which she has been deprived under the 
satanic government of the Turks. The second object is to 
give permanency to all their acts. To promote the military 
knowledge of the Greeks the Committee have established a 
laboratory at Missolonghi : to give permanency to this de- 
partment they wish to obtain twenty apprentices, from six* 
teen to twenty years of age. These youths will be employed 
as refiners, laboratorians, carpenters, founders, tinmen s 
smiths, turners, or carriage-makers. The apprentices will 
receive their rations and one dollar and a half per month." 
Thus, by continuing the services of Parry or Gill, with 
one or two of our English mechanics, and a few foreigners, 
whom we shall enlist in the artillery, and with these twenty 
apprentices, the laboratory may be rendered a permanent 
establishment. 

The artillery corps will be formed by Parry. At night 
he will lecture to the officers ; and, at the end of ten days, 
each will be called upon to take the command of a gun and 
to drill the men belonging to it. He has also agreed to build 



92 GREECE, US 1823 AND 1824 

four gun-boats : each of which is to carry one eighteen- 
pounder. The Turks will then be unable to lie at anchor in 
and blockade the harbour. 

I am going to take the three presses round to the Morea. 
I have had trouble in putting them up, some of the appara- 
tus being lost. I, and a carpenter, and a German officer are 
about to learn the art of lithographic printing : I have hired 
and shall take them with me. I hope to establish a press 
at Athens, at the seat of government, and at Candia. 

Two spies have just arrived from Lepanto : they report 
that the Albanians have seized the citadel and are deter- 
mined to surrender it to Lord Byron. Great confusion 
reigns there. Albania is disturbed by a civil war ; Arta is 
left with 500 men, and Prevesa with only 80. Our pros- 
pects brighten. The funds of the Committee should, I think, 
hereafter be devoted to the support of the measures which 
they have already adopted, and to sending out some able 
and doing men, and elementary works, in either Italian, 
German, or French. You must never forget that you are 
not administering to men but to children. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER XXXVIIL 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 15th February, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Parry has carried all his stores to the Seraglio, 
which is converted into a fine arsenal. He is full of plans, 
and talks and does much. His first measure was to arrange 
all things : he then commenced drilling the artillery and 
preparing the stores for the siege. He has also examined 
the fortress, or rather the foiblesse, with a view to its im= 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 93 

provement. He intends to raise the blockade either by 
means of two gun-boats, or of a combustible kite. You 
may laugh, but the nerves of a Turkish sailor are somewhat 
more delicate than those of our tars. 

The expedition for Lepanto still lingers at Missolonghi : 
the Suliots are the cause of this delay. They call loudly 
for their arrears ; but might as well attempt to call a spirit 
from the deep. However, I believe that an advance guard 
of 300 will depart, under the command of Count Gamba, 
in a few days : Lord Byron, with the artillery and the main 
body, will follow. His Lordship has received his commis- 
sion from the government. Rumour says that Colocotroni 
is in a rage, and preparing to attack the authorities at Cra- 
nidi. I think his rage will vent itself in words. His par- 
tizans accuse Mavrocordato of being in the interest of 
England, and declare that he and we are its satellites. All 
such rumours are immediately silenced by an open and di- 
rect course. The first time I meet Colocotroni in high 
divan, I shall ask him whether he has heard or credits the 
reports, and then compliment the Greeks on their wise jea- 
lousy of foreign troops. 

The press now flourishes. When the good work com- 
menced, all parties talked of its being inapplicable to a rude 
state of society, and other common places equally unfounded 
in reason and experience. Now all are interested about it, 
and many write for it : nay, such is the rage for it, that the 
English insist upon my leaving one of the presses, in order 
that they may publish a Frank newspaper, for the islands, 
for England, and for America. Count Gamba is named as 
the editor: the articles will be in English, French, Italian, 
and German ; the contributors, young men engaged in the 
cause. Lord Byron will contribute largely in both money 
and matter. The editor of the German Chronicle, with his 
usual liberality, has offered, for 80/. a-year, to furnish 100 
numbers weekly. He says he will publish it though it should 
be stuffed full of libels against himself. The presses that 



94 GREECE, IN 1825 AND 1824. 

you sent out were deficient in many articles^ which occa- 
sioned much anxiety and delay. 

The following letters from the general government have 
just come to hand. [Vide Appendix, Nos. 18, 19, 20} 

The Suliots are calling upon Lord Byron for fresh con- 
tributions. There is no end to their exactions— --none till 
they are dismissed. All things considered, the cause of 
Greece is going on well. The progress of civilization is 
checked, but it cannot be prevented. 

Yours, &c. 

L. S. 



LETTER XXXIX, 

TO THE SAME, 

Missolonghi, 18th February, 1824 

My dear B. 

Captain Parry has made the following proposi- 
tion to Prince Mavrocordato, which has been accepted. 
[Vide Appendix, No. 21.] 

In addition to the sum required by Captain Parry the 
Prince has granted 500 dollars for wood. The adoption of 
these measures will place Missolonghi, which is one of the 
keys to the Morea, in a state of defence. It will also be 
the means of forming a most useful corps. 

Lord Byron was seized, on the 15th instant, with a severe 
fit. His Lordship was sitting in my room and jesting with 
Parry, but his eyes and his brow occasionally discovered 
that he was agitated by strong feelings. On a sudden he 
complained of a weakness in one of his legs : he rose, but 
finding himself unable to walk, called for assistance : he then 
fell into a violent nervous convulsion, and was placed upon 
my bed; during this period his face was much distorted; in 
a few minutes he began to recover his senses, his speech 
returned, and he was soon well, though exhausted with the 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 95 

struggle. His Piedmontese surgeon and Dr. Millingen both 
assured me that the fit, though of a dangerous character 
while it lasted, was not so in its consequences. During the 
fit his Lordship was as strong as a giant, and after it he be- 
haved with his usual firmness. I conceive that this fit was 
occasioned by over-excitement. The mind of Byron is like 
a volcano, it is full of fire, wealth, and combustibles : and, 
when this matter comes to be strongly agitated the explo- 
sion is dreadful. With respect to the causes that produced 
this excess of feeling, they are beyond my reach, except one 
great cause, which was the provoking conduct of the Suliots. 
Lord Byron had acted towards them with a degree of gene- 
rosity that could not be exceeded, and then, when his plans 
were all formed for the attack of Lepanto, and his hopes 
were raised on the delivery of Western Greece from the 
inroads of the Turks, these ungrateful soldiers demanded* 
and extorted, and refused to march till all was settled to 
gratify their avarice. This was enough to agitate any heart 
warm in the cause of Greece. Such events are, however, 
quite natural, and may and ought to be anticipated. The 
Suliots have since agreed to act agreeably to Lord Byron's 
pleasure. When you hear these statements do not hang your 
head. The cause advances. Every day the Greeks acquire 
knowledge and the Turks become more impotent. It re- 
quires more wisdom than falls to my share to tell you under 
what rule the Greeks will eventually fall, but of this I am 
certain — that they can never again be slavesb 

Mavrocordato is of opinion that the Greeks are advancing 
in knowledge. At their first national assembly, he said ? 
that not more than three or four members could express 
themselves with success; whereas, at the second meeting, 
there were thirty or forty that spoke with a fair share of 
intelligence. He expressed himself in favour of a federal 
government, but said that it was difficult to make the islands 
coalesce, each island aiming at pre-eminence. He also de- 
clared himself an admirer of the government of the United 
States. I think the speech of the president of that country 



96 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824* 

and the Greek Chronicle have given him this bias. At all 
events, he has considerably altered the tone of his conversa- 
tion. 

Twenty-four Turkish women and children have, through 
Lord Byron's instrumentality, been offered their freedom. 
Nine of them wished to remain, and the rest have been sent 
back to Prevesa. 

A Turkish brig has run on shore near this place. The 
Bazar is empty, and all are gone to assist in capturing here 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER XL. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 18th February, 1824, 

My dear B. 

A Turkish brig, as I mentioned in my last, run 
on shore near Missolonghi, two days since. The people 
went in crowds to see her. Parry reconnoitered her, and 
used every exertion to get some guns down to bear upon 
her, but all of them were out of repair, and before he could 
arrive the Turks had set the brig in a flame. Another 
Turkish brig was blown up on the same day, at Lepanto. 
These, with the first loss at Ithaca, form a considerable re- 
duction in their naval power in these parts. 

An English frigate came in here yesterday, and demanded 
restitution of some vessel. When one recollects the exten- 
sive shore of Greece, the number of its sailors, and the cha- 
racter of its past government, one cannot be surprised at 
the Greeks taking hostile measures against neutrals who 
carry supplies to their enemies. A supply of 200,000 dol- 
lars has been conveyed from Constantinople to Patras, by 
an Austrian hrig. 

Captain Sass was killed in a fray this morning, by a Su«= 
Hot. The particulars of the affair were as follows ; a Suliot, 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 97 

accompanied by Botzaris' little boy, and another man, 
walked into the Seraglio. The sentinel ordered him back, 
but he advanced. The sergeant of the guard, a German, 
said, What do you want here ? and pushed him back. The 
Suliot said, What do I want ? and struck the sergeant with 
his arm. They then closed, struggled, and the Suliot drew 
his pistol. The sergeant wrenched it from his hand, and 
blew the powder out of the pan. Captain Sass, seeing the 
fray, ordered the man to be taken to the guard-room. The 
Suliot would have departed, but the sergeant held him. Cap- 
tain Sass drew his sabre, the Suliot his other pistol ; Sass 
struck him with the flat of his sword. The Suliot then drew 
his sword, and nearly cut off his antagonist's left arm. He 
then shot him, with his second pistol, through the head, 
which deprived him of life almost immediately. The Su- 
liot is distinguished for his bravery, and poor Sass was as 
mild as he was courageous. 

This is a serious affair. The Suliots have no country, no 
home for their families ; arrears of pay are owing to them ; 
the people of Missolonghi hate and pay them exorbitantly. 
Lord Byron, who was to have led them to Lepanto, is much 
shaken by his fit, and will, probably, be obliged to retire from 
Greece. In short, all our hopes in this quarter are damped 
for the present. I am not a little fearful, too, that these wild 
warriors will not forget the blood that has been spilt. I this 
morning told Prince Mavrocordato and Lord Byron, that 
they must come to some resolution about compelling the Su- 
liots to quit the place. Both are convinced of the necessity 
of that measure. 

19th February. This morning Captain Sass was buried. 
The priests and primates attended at the Seraglio, and the 
procession moved off from thence through the town. No- 
thing could exceed the respect shown to the deceased ; the 
shops were all shut, the whole population were drawn out, 
and crossed themselves as the corpse passed : the ceremony 
in the church was long, and resembled that observed in ca- 
tholic countries. 

N 



98 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

In consequence of the foregoing and other events, the 
workmen in the laboratory have refused to stop here. I must 
plainly state to you, that while the Suliots remain, the per- 
sons of Europeans are not safe in Missolonghi. Parry, 
Hodges, and Gill, will, however, remain, and they, with the 
assistance of the natives, can perform all the work required 
of them by the committee. 

I have been instrumental in establishing a polyglot news- 
paper, called the Greek Telegraph. The prospectus will be 
sent to you immediately. Pray endeavour to obtain 100 
subscriptions to it, at 6 dollars per annum each ; relying on 
your so doing, 100 newspapers will be sent to you weekly. 

I have solicited many persons to correspond with the com- 
mittee The lerters and newspapers will be addressed to 
members. I depart for Cranidi and Athens to-morrow. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER XLI. 

TO THE SAME. 

Missolonghi, 21st February, 1824. 
My dear B. 

I this morning left Missolonghi for Cranidi, the 

seat of the general government. You will, perhaps, blame 

my having remained nearly three months at the metropolis 

of Western Greece. In my defence, I have only to refer you 

to the state of affairs in this country, and to what has been 

actually effected at Missolonghi. 

The committee will be much annoyed at the intelligence 

received concerning the laboratory. My former letters will 

have informed you of the difficulty experienced in selecting 

a place for this establishment. Missolonghi is by no means 

a favourable position for it ; still, in the opinion of the most 

enlightened men that I could consult, it was preferred t© 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 99 

Athens, to Spetzia, to Milo, to Corinth, in short, to all other 
places. The laboratory establishment was, therefore, brought 
to Missolonghi. I must hold myself responsible to the com- 
mittee for the measure. During the first two months that I 
was at Missolonghi, all went well : but, latterly, our tran- 
quillity has been disturbed by the Suliots, and by the emis- 
saries of a faction in the Morea. An attack was made 
by some Suliots on the house of a burgher, in which some 
men were killed and some were wounded. Lieut. Sass 
was killed by a Suliot. We were more than once obliged 
to place our house and the Seraglio in a state of de- 
fence ; and some of us were shot at, and one of the work- 
men of the laboratory struck down with a sabre. The result 
has been, that six of the mechanics have resolved on return- 
ing home. I listened to their complaints and their claims ; 
I told them, that the Suliots would depart forthwith, and 
that all would then be quiet. They, however, doubted my 
authority ; said that they had come out to labour peaceably ,-a— 
that they would, however, risk all against the Turks, but 
that they did not come to Greece to be assassinated, and to 
leave their families destitute. I repeated that the Suliots 
were about to depart, but said that if they were resolved to 
return home, they had a right to receive pay up to the day 
of their departure, and 10/. each, promised to them by the 
committee, to defray the expense of their home passage, 
after the expiration of their service. For all these acts, I 
alone am responsible. With respect to the result, I am of 
opinion that the loss of six able mechanics is much to be 
regretted ; still, as other workmen ma)^ be found to labour 
in their stead, the laboratory may be carried on most effec- 
tually, under the guidance of Parry, Gill, and Hodges. On 
my arrival at Cranidi, I shall be able to decide on such fur- 
ther measures, relative to the laboratory, as may be dictated 
by a complete knowledge of the state of affairs. 

After the first day's march, I bivouacked in the tent of the 
Prefect of the district. This tent was made of branches, in 
the form of a bee-hive ; in the centre we had a blazing fire. 



100 GREECE, IK 1893 A "NTH 1R0JL. 

and the company, consisting of the Prefect, his secretary, 
some Primates, Mr. Humphreys, myself, &c. formed a cir- 
cle round it. The Prefect told me, that he had conferred 
with the garrison of Lepanto, and that thev would give up 
the place, provided a sufficient force appeared before it, and 
the arrears of their pay, amounting to 25,000 dollars, were 
paid to them. I endeavoured to impress on the Prefect's 
mind, the importance of his situation. In the present state 
of Greece, even a good government could do little more than 
keep up an active control on their servants. The constitu- 
tion and the laws could be put in force by active and able 
men on the spot alone, and by their again keeping their un- 
derlings actively and usefully engaged. 

On the 22d we climbed over the mountains, and reached 
the monastery, near Lepanto. We could obtain no horses 
till the 24th. On that morning, scouts were sent out to re- 
connoitre. We were fortunately detained five hours, or we 
should have fallen in with a party of twenty Turkish horse, 
who would have defeated us and taken our baggage. Per- 
haps the emissaries of a certain faction had apprised the ene- 
my of the approach of the English agent. 

On the 24th, we reached Capitano Scalza's mountainous 
abode. He was absent, and his secretary swaggered and 
advised us to proceed on to another residence belonging to 
his chief. We grumbled, moved on with our jaded horses, 
lost our way in the dark, dispersed in the forest, re-assem- 
bled, and, at length, arrived safe at our destination. Scalza 
was out, but a peasant treated us with all the hospitality his 
dirty hut could afford. He made us a blazing fire, chopped 
up a lamb, skewered it on a long pit- ce of wood, and then 
roasted it to our satisfaction. The peasantry of Greece are 
good ; the extortions and the lawless conduct of the Turks, 
their Capitani and Primatep, have not corrupted them. Let 
the wise solve the problem. 

We reached the house of Papa Georgio on the 25th. We 
had no letter for him and he no hospitality for us, till I 
showed him a letter from Mavrocordato to the president of 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. joi 

the executive body. His door was then open to us, and he 
treated us most kindly. Papa G. is a shrewd uneducated 
patriotic old priest. He has a son in the senate. From him 
and from the couriers, who rest at his house, he learns all 
that passes. I could discover no bigotry in his character : 
on the contrary, he was surrounded by Turks, whom he had 
saved and treated well. I gave him a modern Greek Bible, 
and some newspapers. He seemed to prefer the latter. 

On the 26th, we reached the port of Trazonia. The wind 
was contrary, We took up our abode in a cavern closed in 
with branches, and thought it comfortable. On the 27th, 
we resolved on proceeding to Corinth. The captain of the 
boat and the wind were contrary and obstinately against us. 
They triumphed, and took us to Vostizza. The Capitano 
Londos was absent, but his adjutant, his commissary, and 
his secretary treated us hospitably. 

The people here have still more of the Asiatic character 
than those of Western Greece. They are for a limited mo- 
narchy. I tell them that the government that gave them a 
king would, in fact, be their rulers : that limited monarchy 
would soon degenerate into absolute rule : that the people 
should be their own sovereigns ; and that the only nations 
that are contented with their own governments are Switzer- 
land and America. I tell them that, as I was born under 
the best mixed government, I would endeavour to maintain 
that order of things ; but that it would be madness in the 
Greeks to accept any, but especially a foreign, king. I never 
fail to impress on the minds of the Greeks the necessity of 
publicity in the proceedings of their parliaments and their 
courts of justice; but, most of all, in giving free vent to the 
expression of the people's thoughts. 

Yours, &c. 

L. S, 



102 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 



LETTER XLII. 

TO LORD BYRON.* 

Athens, 6th March, 1824= 
My dear Lord Byron, 

On the 21st February, I bivouacked in the tent 
of the Prefect of the Lepanto district. He had just had a 
conference with the garrison of that place, and said that if 
your Lordship appeared there with a considerable force, and 
the arrears due to the troops, amounting to 25,000 dollars, 
could be paid, the fortress would be surrendered. Most 
anxiously do I hope your Lordship will proceed thither, ter- 
minate the negotiation, and take possession of the place. This 
conquest would almost secure the independence of Greece, 
and would shorten her struggle, perhaps, by many years. f 

A short distance from the Monastery, we learned, from 
a scout, previously despatched by me, that a party of Turk- 
ish horse had been waylaying us, but had departed. Had 
we not been detained for five hours, we should have, pro- 
bablv, fallen into their hands. 

We disembarked during a gale of wind, on a rocky shore 
near Corinth. I was the last to leave the ship, and on m)>- 
landing w r as told that Colocotroni's troops had chased the 
constitutionalists from that fortress. I resolved on passing 
the Isthmus, at night, through the outposts of the constitu- 
tionalists, who now blockaded the place, and safely reached 
the opposite shore. Thence we embarked that very night, 
sailed the next morning, and heard, during the whole of 
that day, a connonade from Corinth. 

* The notes to this letter were added by Lord Byron, previously to for- 
warding it to the Committee. — Ed. 

-f- " The Suliots declined marching against Lepanto, saying, 'that they 
would not fight against stone-walls.' Colonel Stanhope also knows their 
conduct here in other respects lately." — N. B. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 103 

I am delighted with Athens ; with its atmosphere ; its 
beautiful situation ; its antiquities ; its general ; and its en- 
franchised people. 

Yesterday, a public meeting took place, for the purpose of 
choosing three persons to serve as magistrates for Athens. 
The persons were named : their respective merits were can- 
vassed, and they were then ballotted for, and chosen by uni- 
versal suffrage. This day, another meeting took place, for 
the purpose of choosing three judges. I attended the as- 
sembly held in the square opposite the port. Odysseus, 
with others, was seated on the hustings. Opposite stands 
an old tree, surrounded with a broad seat, from which the 
magistrates addressed the people, explained the objects for 
which they were assembled, and desired them to name their 
judges. A free debate then took place, it lasted long, be- 
came more and more animated, and, at last, much difference 
of opinion existing, a ballot was demanded, and the judges 
were chosen. 

I have been constantly with Odysseus. He has a very 
strong mind, a good heart, and is brave as his sword ; he is 
a doing man ; he governs with a strong arm, and is the only 
man in Greece that can preserve order. He puts, however, 
complete confidence in the people. He is for a strong go- 
vernment, for constitutional rights, and for vigorous efforts 
against the enemy. He professes himself of no faction, nei- 
ther of Ipsilanti's, nor of Colocotroni's, nor of Mavrocor- 
dato's ; neither of the Primates, nor of the Capitani, nor of 
the foreign king faction. He speaks of them all in the most 
undisguised manner. He likes good foreigners, is friendly 
to a small body of foreign troops, and courts instruction. 
He has established two schools here, and has allowed me to 
set the press at work.^ He complains that the press of Mis- 

* " I hope that the press will succeed better there than it has here. The 
Greek newspaper has done great mischief both in the Morea and in the 
islands, as I represented both to Prince Mavrocordato and to Colonel Stan- 
hope that it would do in the present circumstances, unless great caution was 
observed," — N. B. 



104 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

solonghi does not insert articles that do not suit the politics 
of the editor. He wishes every intelligent Greek in Europe 
to proceed to Greece : and wrote to Coray and others, a 
year back, to come to this country, to aid in the formation 
of their government, their laws, &c. These letters were not 
forwarded, owing to the dissensions which then reigned, but 
he will now despatch them, at my request. He thinks Bam- 
bas a most efficient patriot, and has agreed to address him, 
and to solicit his presence in Greece. In short, considering 
his education, his pursuits, and the society by which he has 
been surrounded, he is a most extraordinary man, 

Odysseus is most anxious to unite the interests of Eastern 
and Western Greece, for which purpose he is desirous of 
immediately forming a congress at Salona. He solicits your 
Lordship's and Mavrocordato's presence, with two or three 
other persons, should you deem their attendance necessary. 
To further this object Captain Humphreys will hasten to 
Missolonghi. In six days he will be with you ; and, if you 
can come to a resolution in two days, he may be back here 
in a fortnight. At six o'clock to-morrow, Odysseus pro- 
ceeds to Negroponte ; and two days after the receipt of your 
Lordship's and Mavrocordato's answer, he will be at Salona, 
provided you come to the same resolution and act with the 
same celerity that he does. In the event of .-the proposed 
meeting he will bring with him Pannuria, the prefects of 
Thebes, Livadia, and Athens, Captain Trelawny, and my- 
self. I implore your Lordship and the president, as you 
love Greece and her sacred cause, to attend at Salona. 
Should you be ill or feeble, which God forbid, we solicit 
Count Gamba's presence. All delays, even that of a day, 
will, in the opinion of Odysseus, be injurious, as the Turks 
will be in motion immediately. Excuse great haste, and 
believe me 

Yours, &c. 

L. S. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 105 

P. S. Pray return this letter to Captain Humphreys, to 
forward to Mr. Barff, at Zante, who will forward it to Eng- 
land, 

L. S.* 



LETTER XLIIL 

TO THE SAME. 

Athens, 8th March, 1824. 
My dear Lord Byron, 

General Odysseus is most anxious to procure a 
firemaster and some stores from the laboratory at Misso- 
longhi. 

I strongly recommend your Lordship to send either Mr, 
Parry, Mr. Gill, or Mr. Hodges here immediately. I should 
also wish captains Deutsch or Kinderman to proceed hither. 
Odysseus solicits three barrels of powder and some lead to 
be sent here forthwith by sea ; also four guns, some canis- 
ter and other shot. Whatever other articles can be sent will 
be most thankfully received and usefully employed. The 

* The following 1 was written by Lord Byron on the back of the letter. 

" To J. Bowring, Esq. 

March 19th, 1824. 
"Dear Sir, 

" Preparations are making for the ensuing campaign. Col. S. 
and Capt. Parry's reports will have instructed the Committee. Means and 
money will be required ; men are in plenty, if we have the former. I shall en- 
deavour to do my duty. 

Yours, 

N. B. 

"P. S. Prince Mavrocordato and L. B. go to Salona. I (L. B.) request 
Mr. Bowring to urge the Hon. Douglas Kinnaird to send L. B. credits to the 
extent of L. B.'s resources. Here there are the greatest difficulties of 
every kind for the moment—but they have hope— and will fight it out," 
— N, B 

O 



106 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

most perfect order and tranquillity has reigned here for a 
long time past. Should, therefore, our English mechanics 
not have departed, I think it most desirable that they should 
forthwith proceed to Athens. 

Mr. Trelawny has written to Captain Clifford, relative to 
a most unfortunate affair that has occurred here lately. [Vide 
Appendix, No. 21.*] Lord J. Churchill invited Odysseus 
and Goorha to dine on board his ship. He treated them 
sumptuously ; and, after dinner, by way of sport, got the 
vessel under weigh. The Greeks thought themselves be- 
trayed ; Goorha cut the tiller ropes and halliards, and all 
jumped into the boats. I expressed to Odysseus my deep 
regret at this event, and assured him that the people of Eng- 
land would condemn it ; and that if it should, unfortunate- 
ly, reach the ears of the government, not even the great name 
of the English captain, which was celebrated in our annals 
as his would be in those of Greece, would prevent his being 
dismissed the service. The general offered immediately to 
write to the commodore, to represent the matter favourably, 
and to solicit him to take no further notice of it. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER XLIV. 

TO M. NEOFITO BAMBAS, AT CEFALONIA. 

Athens, 8th March, 1824 
My dear Sir, 

One feeling pervades every patriotic bosom in 
Greece, it is, that you should be in your country, using all 
the influence of your powerful mind towards her deliver- 
ance from the Turk, and towards the establishment of her 
liberties. It is on this ground, solely, that I venture to join 
my voice to that of Corea, of General Odysseus, and to 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 10f 

those of all the statesmen, and soldiers, and people of 
Greece in soliciting your presence in your native land. 
Should you attend to our general call, I know of no manner 
in which you could be so usefully employed, as in conduct- 
ing a free press at the seat of the Greek government. I 
therefore invite you to undertake that duty, and offer to sub- 
scribe fifty pounds towards the undertaking. Pray honour 
me with an answer to the present, and address me at the seat 
of the Greek government. Send your answer by some safe 
conveyance, as most of our letters miscarry. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER XLV. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Athens, 9th March, 1824. 

My dear B. 

Odysseus, at my request, has ordered an ancient 
temple to be converted into a Museum. The Turkish pri- 
soners will be employed in collecting the antiquities ; Dr. 
Psylas is named the director. The people will be assem- 
bled and addressed on the subject. 

The enclosed letter to the excellent Coray is forwarded 
at my request. Pray send it to him : the disturbances that 
prevailed in Greece have prevented its earlier transmission. 
I have ordered it to be published in the Greek Chronicle and 
in the Greek Telegraph. 

Eastern and Western Greece, and the islands, are all sub- 
ordinate to their respective governments. The Morea is 
alone disturbed. The Servians have sent some deputies to 
Constantinople to represent their claims, who have been be- 
headed ; and it is expected that this monstrous act will oc- 
casion a revolt in that province. Odysseus departs at eight 



108 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

this morning, for Negroponte. He will afterwards attend 
the congress at Salona. 

Captain Humphreys starts immediately for Missolonghh 
He is the bearer of the General's and my despatches ; the 
object of which is to persuade Mavrocordato and Lord 
Byron to meet Odysseus and others in congress at Salona y 
for the purpose of producing co-operation between Eastern 
and Western Greece. The constitution will then be put in 
force, and the armies will act in concert. The ruling party 
in the Morea will find a preponderating interest established, 
that will force on them, also, good government. 

Yours, in a hurry, 



LETTER XLVL 

TO DR. BOJONS, AT NAPOLI DI ROMANIA. 

Athene den %*%%• 1«*. 

Lieber Herr Bojons, 

Da ich in erfahrung gebracht habe, dass in Morea 
Griechen gegen Griechen streiten, das gouvernement selbst 
nicht einig und innerer Zwiespalt an die Tagesordnung ist, 
so habe ich meine Reise dahin geandert, das ich hierher und 
nicht wie ich fruher bestimmte nach Napoli und Kranidi 
gegangen bin, weshalb ich Sie ergebenst ersuche, alle meine 
Ihnen libergebenen EfFecten, so wie die Pressen und Medi- 
zin die dem Englischen Volcke angehoren, hierher zu 
schicken. 

Sollte daselbst ein Brittisches Kriegs-SchifF sein, so kon- 
nen sie dem Capitaine desselben diese Sachen iibergeben, 
welcher selbige ohnfehlbar an mich hierher besorgen wird. 

Es war zwar fruher meine MeYnung die Pressen, da wo 
sich das Griechische Gouvernement auf halte, zu placiren 9 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 109 

jedoch aber nicht zum ausschlieslichen Gebrauch desselben 
oder auch fur eine einzelne Parthey, sondern flir die 
Aufklaerung und das Beste des gesammten Griechischen 
Volcks. 

Bevor jedoch dasselbe kein bestimmtes und auf reellen 
Grundsatzen bestehendes Gouvernement hat, kann auch mit 
der Etablirung von Posten nicht vorgeschritten werden. 

Sollten sie wegen der Fortschaffung meiner EfFecten, der 
Pressen und Medicin hierher daselbst Beschwerlichkeiten 
vorfinden, so haben sie die Giitte dem Herrn General Colo- 
cotroni meinen Respect zu versichern, und demselben in 
meinen Nahmen zu ersuchen, die etwa sich vorfindende 
Beschwerlichkeiten zu verhindern, da diese Sachen der 
Englischen Comite und volcke angehbren, deren Abgeord- 
nete ich hier ben. 

Sollte Her Lieut. Dorbryez lust bezeigen als secretaire 
bei mir zu sein, so ersuche ich sie demselben gefalligst zu 
engagiren, und, wenn es angeht, sogleich mit den sachen 
hierher zu senden. Die Bedingungen sind Ihnen bekannt. 

Mit der Ihnen bekannten Hochachtung nenne ich mich 
als, 

Ihr ergebenster Diener, 

L. S. 

Nachschrift — Wenn sie zur Gestaltung eines Hospitals 
in Napoli Romania, wovon wir gesprochen haben, und unter 
den Ihnen beckannten Bedingungen ubernehmen wollen, so 
konnen sie einen Drittheil der Medizin daselbst behalten 5 
und dieses sodann bffentlich bekannt machen. 

L. S.* 



* TRANSLATION. 

To Dr. Bojons, at Napoli di Romania. 

Athens, *&**"£» 1*4. 
Dear Sir, 

Since I have learned that, in the Morea, Greeks are contending 
against Greeks, and that the government itself is disunited and a prey to 



11© GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 



LETTER XL VII. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Athens, 11th March, 1824, 



My dear B. 

Athens has for me every charm — Her recollections, 
her climate, her ruins, and her reviving liberties. The Chief 
Odysseus has been a mountain robber, has never bowed in 
bondage to the Turks, has served under Ali Pacha, has been 



internal dissensions, I have altered the direction of my journey, and have 
come hither, instead of proceeding-, as I had formerly intended, to Napoli 
and Cranidi. I therefore earnestly request you to send hither all my effects 
consigned to you, together with the presses and medicines belonging to the 
English people. 

Should there be a British ship of war at Napoli, you can consign these 
things to the care of its captain, who will not fail himself to take charge of 
them for me to this place. 

It was, indeed, formerly my intention to have placed the presses at the 
seat of the Greek .government, not, however, for its exclusive use, or for 
that of any faction, but for the purpose of enlightening the minds and im- 
proving the condition of the entire people of Greece. But, while the go- 
vernment is conducted upon no fixed or determinate principles, it is im- 
possible to proceed with the establishment of a post. 

Should you encounter any difficulties in the transmission of my effects, 
the presses and medicines, have the goodness to give my respects to Ge- 
neral Colocotroni, and to request him, in my name, to obviate those difficul- 
ties, as the things belong to the English committee and people, whose agent 
in Greece I am. 

Should Lieut. Dobryez testify a desire of becoming my secretary, I beg 
of you to engage him, and, if possible, to despatch him immediately, with 
the things, to this place. You know the terms. 

I remain, with sentiments of esteem, 

Your humble servant, 

L. S. 

P. S — If you are willing to undertake the establishment of an hospital in 

Napoli di Romania, of which we spoke, and on the conditions with which 

you are acquainted, you can retain a third part of the medicines and make 

the circumstance publicly known. 

L. S; 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. HI 

chosen Governor of Eastern Greece, has refused to give up 
Athens to a weak government, and has lately sympathised 
with the people, and taken the liberal course in politics. He 
is a brave soldier, has great power, and promotes public 
liberty. Just such a man Greece requires. 

The congress at Salona will do great good. Eastern and 
Western Greece, and the islands, will unite to put the con- 
stitution in force, to get the revenues placed in the public 
coffers, and to promote military co-operation. Many of the 
chiefs of the Morea, together with the legislative body, and 
the great mass of the people, will approve these measures, 
and their combined interests will form such a preponderating 
power, that all the little factions will be forced to follow the 
strong current. I shall counsel Odysseus to get some able 
writer to accompany him to the congress, for the purpose of 
publishing its proceedings and proclamations. To this end 
too, I shall hope to be able to carry with me a lithographic 
press. 

I sent a printing and a lithographic press, together with 
some medicines, &c. under charge of Dr. Bojons, a German 
physician, from Missolonghi, to the seat of the Greek go» 
vernment. Stress of weather obliged the ship to put into 
Napoli, where the articles were seized. I have written to 
Dr. B. on the subject ; and several men of influence, finding 
that I belong to no faction, and only came here to serve the 
Greek people, have also written to Colocotroni, and others, 
to have the articles restored. If I fail, blame not me, but 
blame the tempest for having flown away with your goods 
and given them to the enemy. I am making arrangements 
for the establishment of a press at Athens. I have engaged 
Professor Psylas to write for it, and have written to Hydra 
for a printer. The " Free Press of Athens" will have the 
following motto, " Publicity is the Soul of Justice." 

The government of the Morea has been of late much dis- 
turbed. The legislative body annihilated the executive, of 
which Petrombey was the head, and set up another in its 
stead. After a time the old executive reassembled at Tri- 



112 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

politza and seized on Corinth. They have lately named 
Ipsilanti as the president, and have collected thirty-five mem- 
bers of the legislative body, who are acting with them. Pe- 
trombey told the Austrian consul that he was ready in all 
things to follow the wishes of the Holy Alliance. Ipsilanti 
is nominally of the democratic party, and so is Colocotroni. 
The Ipsilanti government have proclaimed their intention of 
holding a general assembly in April next. 

The Museum will be established in the Temple of Minerva. 
This building has been used as a mosque, as a church, as a 
granary, and will now be devoted to the arts. 

The police of Athens, and the surrounding country, is so 
good, that we wander about in perfect security. Even our 
fair countrywomen might travel and settle here with less risk 
than they run in going to and residing at Naples. 

A fine church has been fitted up as a Lancasterian school, 
and will be opened in a few days. We solicit for it the aid 
of the Quakers and the Committee. I shall endeavour to 
form here a utilitarian society, for the purpose of establish- 
ing and fostering all useful measures. 

Captain Hastings is eager to have a steam-vessel. He will 
subscribe 1,000/, towards it. If he had one capable of car- 
rying even one thirty-two pounder, with a stove for heating 
red-hot shot, he thinks he could baffle the efforts of the Turk- 
ish fleet. He could raise, for instance, the blockade of Ne- 
groponte, Caristo, Lepanto, and Patras. The Greek govern- 
ment would pay the men, and furnish a vessel to carry the 
fuel. Perhaps you could get persons to take up a vessel of 
this description as a privateer. The chances of gain would 
be considerable in the capture of men of war and fortresses, 
because the Turks would rather surrender to ships than to 
land forces. Captain H. will submit his plan to the Greek 
government, and then proceed home to further its accom- 
plishment. The steam-apparatus is so low in the water, and 
so small an object, that it would be all but secure against the 
ill-directed efforts of Turkish artillerists. 

Half the day here is spent in conversation. My practice 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 313 

is to engraft English and Anglo-American principles on the 
minds of my visitors. The better to effect this object I give 
warm praise wherever praise is due, and always endeavour 
to avoid giving offence. I feel for and speak about Greece as 
if it were my country ; and by a bold and open course, baffle 
all cunning, and intrigue, and diplomacy. 

All the fortresses in Candia, except Kissamos, are in the 
hands of the Turks. The people have been divided into 
factions, but they are now united. 

The elective franchise is exercised in its widest range at 
Athens. I have attended at the elections of the prefects and 
of the judges, and also at a meeting for deciding on some 
proposed taxes. A tax on those who possessed government- 
houses, and one on cattle, were voted ; a tax on produce 
was rejected. The suffrage is universal; the elections an- 
nual. 

Yours, 



LETTER XLVIII. 

TO SIGNOR PAPPAS, AT HYDRA. 

Attene, il 11 Marzo, 1824. 
Caro Signore, 

Ho V onore di mandarvi una lettera dal Signor 
Humphries, chi e andato con plichi di lettere bisognevoli 
da qui in Missolonghi. II Signor Humphries vi parla per 
il carattere di Attene e del suo Governatore Odyssea. Con 
ragione lode ambidue, per il suo governatore percio che 
egli e potente, bravo, amante della liberta, e il piu grande 
nemico dei partiti. Nel governo regna la piu grande tran- 
quillita, e la piu perfetta sicurezza. Ma la piu bisognevole 
cosa e che il popolo gode di tutti i suoi dritti. Io parlo 
cosi percioche conosco dal Comitato Greco d'lnghilterra che 
voi siete il piu vero patrioto, e che voi avete acquistato 

p 



114. GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

molti mezzi. Io vi consiglio che veniate a qui per ese- 
guire la bona causa della patria. Noi abbiamo grande bisog- 
no d' un stampatore, e se si trovi in Idra farebbe bene di 
venire a qui. 

L.S.* 



LETTER XLIX. 

TO GENERAL ODYSSEUS. 

Athens, 15th March, 1824, 
Dear General Odysseus, 

I have written to Anastatius Pappas, a rich pa- 
triot, at Hydra, and to General Borrel, a clever and efficient 
Frenchman, to proceed to Athens, and to devote their means 
to your service. 

* TRANSLATION. 

To Signer Pappas, at Hydra. 

Athens, March 11, 1824. 
Dear Sir, 

I have the honour to transmit you a letter from Mr. Humphries, 
who is gone with a packet of important letters from hence to Missolonghi, 
Mr. Humphries speaks favourably to you of the character of Athens, and of 
its Governor, Odysseus, and justly praises them both. With respect to the 
Governor, he is powerful, brave, a lover of liberty, and a decided enemy 
of faction. The greatest tranquillity and the most perfect security reigns in- 
the government. But the most important circumstance is, that the people 
are in full possession of all their rights. 

I speak to you in these terms, because I know, from the Greek Commit- 
tee in England, that you are a true patriot, and possessed of abundant 
means. I advise you to come hither to further the good cause of your 
country. We are in great want of a printer, and if there is one in Hydra 3 
he would do well to come hither. 

Yours, &c. 

L S. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 115 

We daily expect Mr. Finlay to return from Missolonghi. 
There can be no doubt that the authorities in Western 
Greece will hail your proposition for a congress at Salona, 
for the purpose of co-operating with Eastern Greece and the 
islands. I anticipate great results from this meeting. I know 
that you belong to no faction ; neither to the foreign king, 
the Ipsilanti, the Mavrocordato, the Petrombey, nor the 
Colocotroni faction. What you wish to promote is the con- 
stitution, the laws, the security of person and property, and 
the liberties of the Greeks ; and to drive from their soil the 
Turks. Persevere in this noble course, and you will be 
hailed by all good citizens as the saviour of your country. 
Good government is the only safe course, it leads to power 
and to fame. Bad government also leads to power— power 
accompanied by extortion, poverty, insurrection and blood, 
and followed by the curses of mankind. At the ensuing 
congress, I expect to see Odysseus taking the lead in every 
thing that is just, and proclaiming his sentiments loudly to 
his country and to the world. 

The first object of the congress should be to ensure co- 
operation between Eastern and Western Greece and the 
islands : the second should be to obtain money for the pur- 
poses of the state, by persuading all the chiefs to deposit the 
revenues of .their districts in the public coffers : the third 
should be to concert military operations. The capture of Le- 
panto might be effected for the small sum of 20,000 dollars. 
The passes of Thermopylae might be secured by four or five 
Martello towers and 100 men. And Negroponte and Ka- 
risto, if assailed by sea with three or four gun-boats, and by 
land by your valiant soldiers, must soon fall. The fourth and 
grand objects should be to put the laws and the constitution 
in force. To this end, good proclamations should be pub- 
lished ; declaiming against disunion, faction, extortion, in- 
trigue, and the neglect of all military exertion ; and recom- 
mending well-concerted measures, the enforcement of a 
strong police and good laws, the appointment of able pre- 
fects, judges, &c. These proclamations should be dictated 



GREECE. IN 1833 AND 1824. 

by yourself, and some v 

accompany you to the meeting. I .vour to take 

thither a lithographic press, to pub!.: I to spread vour 

noble : ts. 

It is devoutl- shed that all eli- 

ded at the congress should co-cperate in 
bu: e • irtue tc act thus noblv I am con- 

vinced that your strong mi dwd bold course 

— a course that most lead to the all of : ks, to 

the permanent establish : the s of Greece, a 

of your poNv me. I am sorry to find in every 

qu: ; Nne men. and even rood men, in favour of 

a foreign king. Tile} say " a Limited monarch would give 
us securitv a As for a limited monarch, that 

could not be. A k : could pat down rmed : 

martial people mas: have I :vrant. 

The first thing that such a monster would do, would be to 
establish a d led force, and xt would be to era 

those warriors and heroes who had re: r country 

from the Tarks. Hew avoid these evils I I know of no 
sa:- ? e but that »f establishing a si : anc :vern- 

ment. All extortion — to 

ad to assassin i be any Greek v. 

a vast mind. : power, who has the noble- 

ss of soul tc iblic good 11 soar 

above all his contev. es : he will his country from 

TurKs and faction, and entail on millions for ages to come, 
the blessings of liberty. 

1 am. vooi friend, 

L, S. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 117 

LETTER L. 

TO THE SAME. 

Athens, March 16th, 1824. 

Dear General Odysseus, 

I am desirous of obtaining your sanction to the 
formation of a utilitarian society in Athens. I propose to 
select its members from the most virtuous and able of her 
citizens. The end proposed is the formation of schools, 
museums, dispensaries, agricultural and horticultural socie- 
ties — in short, of all establishments connected with the ad- 
vancement of useful knowledge. When this utilitarian 
society is formed I shall endeavour to promote similar in- 
stitutions at Napoli, Tripolitza, and Missolonghi, and to put 
them in communication with all those societies which pro- 
fess the same principles in other quarters of the world. 

In consequence of the enlightened sentiments which you 
have expressed to me in favour of a free press, I have writ- 
ten to Napoli to have a press sent to Athens. I have also 
offered Professor Psylas 50/. a-year to conduct and write for 
it. Your noble conduct towards the Athenians, in promot- 
ing public meetings, proves that you consider publicity as 
the soul of justice. It should prevail in the senate, in the 
courts of law, and, above all, in spreading the peoples' 
thoughts. The examples of England, of America, and of 
Switzerland prove its efficacy in promoting order, virtue, and 
good government ; and those of South America and of 
India show how safe and how useful a free press is in coun- 
tries which have been doomed to ages of despotism, and 
which, like Greece, are beginning to revive from faintness 
and from pain, by breathing the fresh air of liberty. Fol- 
low, I implore you, the example of America, where every 
public man's conduct is open to free discussion, and where 
peace and order ever prevail. Act well, and you have no- 
thing to fear from a thousand pens, though they were dip- 



118 GREECE, IN 182S AND 1824. 

ped in gall and directed by the hands of your enemies. Act 
well, and you will have reason and justice, and the hearts, 
and the minds, and the arms of the Greeks with you — 
friends that are invincible. 

I am, your friend, 

L. S. 

[Vide Appendix, No. 22.] 



LETTER LI. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Athens, March SOth, 1824. 
My dear B. 

The press of Athens is not yet in operation. The 
Committee's press and my lithographic one are in the cus- 
tody of Colocotroni at Napoli, which is blockaded by land 
and sea, by order of the general government. We have 
here, however, a rude press, which was made by a clever 
engineer, and some few types which belonged to the press 
at Corinth. There is in Athens a Dr. Sophianopulo, a 
clever man, who is one of the party of Ipsilanti and Colo- 
cotroni, and is secretary to the commandant of the fortress 
— Goorha. The Doctor wishes to have an influence over 
the press. He objects to Professor Psylas being the sole 
editor, and recommends himself and another to co-operate 
with him. He has written a sort of at;a/U-prospectus, by 
way, as he says, of trying the press, and he is now writing 
another. I shall take my own course. At a public meeting 
I shall present the press to the people of Athens ; shall 
nominate Psylas to edit it till the arrival of Theocletos, an 
able and virtuous patriot ; I shall then submit a prospectus 
for the approval of the Philo-Muse Society. The object of 
this prefatory production will be to lay down a chart by 
which the editor may steer his course. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 119 

Instead of a utilitarian society, which I proposed, the 
Athenians have resolved to reorganize the Philo-Muse So- 
ciety, and to make it embrace all the objects I had in con- 
templation. I was called before this society yesterday, ex- 
plained my opinions to them, and promised to address them 

farther on the subject, 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER LII. 

TO THE SECRETARY OF THE PHILO-MUSE SOCIETY AT 

ATHENS. 



Athens, March 20th, 1824. 

Sir, 

The Philo-Muse Society, of Athens, should, I 
think, publish a letter to the following effect : 

" Sir, — The Philo-Muse Society of Athens, the duties of 
" which have been, in some measure, suspended, on account 
" of the war, has now resumed its active functions. This 
" society has no political character ; its sole object is to pre- 
" serve the records and antiquities, and to advance the 
u knowledge, and improve the^ condition of the Greeks. The 
" Philo-Muse Society has converted a building in the Tern- 
" pie of Minerva into a museum ; it has formed a school 
" for the cheap acquirement of the ancient Greek and of 
" the classics, and also a Lancasterian school. The society 
" intends to enlarge its library, and to throw it open to the 
" public. 

u The better to promote the purposes of this institution, 
" the Athenians invite all the principal towns in Greece to 
u establish branch-societies. They most anxiously desire 
" to be in correspondence with, and to be aided by, all use- 



120 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 



" ful societies in every part of the world. From all quar- 
u ters they solicit information concerning education, the 
" fine arts, legislation, political economy, agriculture, horti- 
" culture, commerce, mechanics, and public institutions. 
u Books, especially elementary ones on useful subjects, in 
" French, Italian, German, or modern Greek, will be thank- 
" fully received. 

" From all the friends of Greece, the Philo-Muse Society 
" requests subscriptions. It begs of all such to address it, 
" either through its secretary at Athens, or through the 
" Greek committees. The Society will give every publi- 
" city to its measures and to its accounts. 

" I am, 

" Yours, &c. 



u 



" Secretary to the P. M. S. at Athens." 
" To the Editor of the 

After this statement has been circulated here, it should, I 
think, be forwarded to all the Greek committees for publica- 
tion in the papers in various parts of the world. This task 
I undertake to perform. 

I request of the Philo-Muse Society to honour me with 
its commands, and to give me a statement of all its wants 
previously to my departure from Athens. [Vide Appen- 
dix, No. 23.] 

I am yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER LIII. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Athens, March 21st, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Nothing would prove so serviceable to our cause 

as the emigration of English and others to Greece. To 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 121 

promote this object, I wish you to publish the following 
statement, on the accuracy of which you may rely. 

Average price of Lands and Provisions at Athens. 

Land should give a profit of from 10 per cent, to the pur- 
chaser. The land tax amounts to 10 per cent, of the pro- 
duce yearly. 

A good house costs, yearly, from 500 to 700 piastres. — 
A riding horse, from 150 to 200 piastres. — An ox, 150 pi- 
astres. — A cow, 100 piastres. — A sheep, 10 piastres. — A 
goat, 8 piastres. — A man labourer, per diem, 60 paras 
=-7h&' — A woman, 40 paras=5d. — A boy, 20 paras=2§d. 
— A man servant, with food and clothing, per month, 20 pi- 
astres. — A maid servant, ditto. — Wheat, per okr, 12 paras. 
—Bread, per okr, 10 paras. — Barley, per okr, 12 paras.—. 
Oats, 6 paras. — A horse load of wood, 20 paras. — Mutton, 
per okr, from 30 to 40 paras. — Goat, per okr, 25 to 30 pa- 
ras. — Beef, from 20 to 26 paras, per okr. — A turkey, 6 pi- 
astres. — A goose, 4 piastres. — A duck, 2 piastres. — A 
chicken, 50 paras. — A partridge, 30 paras. — A woodcock, 
25 paras. — A hare, 47 paras. — Butter, per okr, from 3 to 5 
piastres. — Sugar, per okr, 6 piastres. — Honey, from 60 to 
70 paras. — Wine, per okr, from 12 to 18 paras. — Milk, 18 
paras, per okr. — Oil, per okr, 60 paras. — Rum, per bottle, 
100 paras. — Raki, per okr, 2 piastres. — Rice, from 26 to 40 
paras, per okr.— New cheese, without salt, 20 paras, per okr. 
— Old cheese, without salt, 40 paras, per okr. — Eggs, per 
100, 6 piastres. — Salt, 6 paras, per okr. 

N. B. An okr is equal to 2£ pounds French. A piastre 
is equal to 5 pence ; 40 paras make a piastre, and 10 piastres, 
1 dollar. 

Greece is split into factions, which are enrolled into two 
great parties. The one consists of Mavrocordato, the 
islands, a large portion of the legislative body, of the Pri- 
mates, and of the people. The other consists of Ipsilantiy 



122 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

Petrombey, Colocotroni, and the principal part of the sol- 
diery, he. Odysseus professes neutrality, but leans to the 
latter party. Mavrocordato is a good man, but cannot go 
straight. He is, secretly, for a mild monarchy. — A thing as 
easy to be obtained in Greece as a mild ttgerarchy. His 
followers mean differently, but mean well. Ipsilanti is, in 
mind and body, a slug, but still has shown more public vir- 
tue than any other man in Greece. His party are for mili- 
tary predominance and democracy. In short, the revolu- 
tion has clubbed the Greeks. Still I have no doubt that 
order will be restored, and that strength and liberty will be 
the result. 

Yours, 

L. S. 

P. S. — I hope to reach England in June next. The Cra- 
nidi government have sent two ships to Napoli, to demand 
the surrender of the fortress into their hands. Mahomed 
Ali, Pacha of Egypt, will, it is said, command the Turkish 
armies and fleet, destined to attack the Greeks. He will, 
probably, transfer this dutv to Gibraltar, his general. 

L. S. 



LETTER LIV. 

TO THE SAME. 

Athens, 24th March, 1824. 
My dear B. 

The preparations which the Turks are making 
for hostilities will no doubt be communicated from Smyrna, 
in the true oriental style. We hear that wonderful efforts 
are to be made ; that the Greek fleets are to be attack- 
ed, and the islands assailed and devastated ; that the Turk- 
ish fortresses are to be provisioned ; and that from them 
columns are to issue forth, which are to annihilate the 
Greeks. My only fear, however, is for the islands, and es- 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. i%$ 

pecially for Candia. As for Mahomed Ali, he will look 
only to his own interest, and grasp as much as possible from 
Turks as well as Greeks. He will leave the conduct of the 
war to his general, Gibraltar. The Greeks should despatch 
3000 men to occupy the five passes of Thermopylae. This 
measure would secure Greece, but I fear that the dissensions 
in the Morea will prevent its being carried into effect. As 
soon as these passes are secured, Negropont, Karisto, and 
Lepanto, should be briskly attacked. We shall endeavour, 
through the medium of the press, to detach Mahomed Ali 
and the Albanians from the Turks. The Servians are much 
exasperated in consequence of the decapitation of six agents 
whom they had deputed to Constantinople, to represent 
their grievances to the Porte. 

I sent Lieut. Klempe to Napoli, to obtain restitution of the 
presses, medicines, &c. detained there. He was stopped at 
Corinth by the government troops, his letters taken from 
him, and himself sent to Cranidi, where some of his letters 
were returned, and he was permitted to proceed to Napoli. 
On his arrival at that place, Pano told him that the articles 
were all safe, but that he must detain them till he received 
orders from the Tripolitza government. Lieut. Klempe has 
returned to Athens, and I have since despatched another 
messenger to Napoli. A newspaper, called " The Friend 
of the Laws," is about to appear at Hydra. There is now 
a rage for newspapers- 

Yours j 

L. S. 



124 GREECE, IN 1825 AND 1824. 



LETTER LV. 

TO GENERAL ODYSSEUS. 

Athens, March 24th, 1824. 
Dear General Odysseus, 

If it meet your approbation I will proceed to Cra- 
nidi and Napoli. The objects which I have in view are, 1st, 
To promote reconciliation between the two parties, and to 
establish one firm and settled government in place of the 
existing anarchy. 2dly, To promote a general assembly of 
the people. And, 3dly, To persuade the government to take 
3,000 Greeks into pay and send them under you, Goorha, 
or Niketas, to defend the passes of Thermopylae. Honour 
me with your candid opinion and advice on these matters. 

Neither Mr. Finlay nor Captain Humphreys have yet ar- 
rived from Missolonghi. If the congress takes place, I hope 
you will there proclaim your good intentions, and act up to 
them. If it does not take place, those who have thwarted it are 
responsible to their country for the consequences of their 

conduct. 

I am your friend, 

L. S. 



LETTER LVI. 

TO THE SAME. 

Athens, 28th March, 1824. 
Dear General Odysseus, 

The Greeks are fighting for their independence and 

their liberties. They have not only to drive the Turks from 

their soil, but they have also to prevent the restoration of 

Turkish principles of government — of despotism. To this 

end a constitutional force is necessary. Whether this force 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 125 

should consist of disciplined or irregular troops is the ques- 
tion you have desired me to answer. 

Experience has demonstrated, that, in spite of the para- 
lysing effects of tyranny, the Greeks are still Greeks. Their 
martial peasantry have started from their chains, have taken 
fortresses that had been deemed almost impregnable, and 
have, in one campaign, destroyed 100,000 Turks. These 
are the men who have triumphed over the Ottoman empire. 

Experience has also demonstrated, that a nation which 
trusts her defence to foreign mercenaries, puts her freedom 
in the most imminent peril. Commonwealths ought, there- 
fore, in such circumstances, to follow the example set by 
England, in the time of William III. That monarch owed 
his throne to a revolution produced by the people. The 
crown had gone out of its regular succession ; disaffection 
prevailed, Ireland was in arms, Scotland had not renounced 
allegiance to James, and the Protestant cause was threatened 
by an hostile coalition. Still, such was the high and stern 
spirit of the times, that the Parliament refused to allow a 
small body of William's valiant Dutch guards to remain in 
England. The king remonstrated and reasoned, and again and 
again implored the Parliament to retain these dear partners 
of his fame. They listened to their sovereign with courtesy, 
but sent back his guards to Holland. 

Never let the Greeks tolerate a standing army, or foreign 
troops, except as instructors of discipline or military science. 
The principles of a mercenary army are directly opposed to 
those of freedom, and their interests are at variance with 
their duties. Rather let the Greeks follow the example of 
the best confederate commonwealths,— say Switzerland. Her 
army consists of 60,000 men, of from twenty to thirty years 
of age. Her military schools, her staff, artillery, engineers, 
infantry, and sharp-shooters are all admirable. Her cavalry 
is the only defective arm. Every branch of her service is 
assembled and exercised for one month in the year, and the 
whole force is ready to march at twenty-four hours' notice. 
It is evident, that a militia of this description cannot be 



126 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1321 

equal, on their first taking the field, to a more exercised 
army. The Swiss, however, like the Greeks, having a strong 
country to guard, can act on the defensive, till they become 
aguerried. This constitutional force costs Switzerland about 
60,000/. yearly. 

It may be said, that the Greeks, though excellent parti- 
zans, are unequal to cope with disciplined soldiers in the 
field, or to undertake sieges. What then is to be done ? 
Are the Greeks to endanger their liberties by employing a 
standing army, or their independence by not employing one? 
Neither. They should have a mixed force, consisting of 
irregulars and a militia. The modern history of the Greeks 
shows the strength of their irregular troops and armed pea- 
santry. They are like a hive of bees, that, being disturbed 
in their productive labours, will drive an elephant mad and 
make him court destruction.^ The annals of their ancestors 
and of their phalanxes have taught the whole world the power 
of co-operation in war. The Greeks should, therefore, in- 
stil a martial spirit into their people, and should have their 
youth instructed at their schools in military discipline. A 
portion of the Greeks should be exercised like the Swiss 
armies ; a portion of them should remain as at present ; and 
the whole nation should be, at all times, armed, ready to 
protect their property, their persons, their liberties, and their 
country. 

I am your friend, 

L. S. 



* If an elephant strikes a branch in which there is a hive, the bees settle 
on him and he runs madly on to destruction. So the Turks, beset by the 
Greeks, allow their heads to be struck off without an effort. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 127 

LETTER LVII. 

TO J. BOWKING, ESQ. 

Athens, 30th March, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Your letters of the 18th November and 15th Ja- 
nuary last, with the minute of the Committee, recommend- 
ing reconciliation to the Greek government, came safe to my 
hands yesterday evening. It is my duty to act upon them 
immediately. To the heads of the various parties in the 
state I shall, therefore, address the following letters, with 
copies of the Committee's despatch, which will afterwards 
be published. 

TO M. IPSILANTI. 

Athens, 30th March, 1824. 
Excellent Sir, 

I have the honour to forward to you the copy of 

a minute just received from the Greek Committee of Great 

Britain, by which you will perceive that its members and 

that all England deplore the disunion which prevails in 

Greece. I address myself to you on this subject, because 

you have great influence with your countrymen, and because 

you first asserted, and have ever since nobly maintained, 

not only the independence, but the liberties of the Greeks. 

Continue, I implore you, this magnanimous conduct, and 

the love of your country and of all mankind will be the 

sweet reward. 

I am vour friend, 

L. S. 

TO PRESIDENT MAVROCORDATO. 

Athens, 30th March, 1824. 
Excellent Sir, 

I beg of you to publish the accompanying minute 
from the London Committee, recommending reconciliation 



128 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

to the Greeks. There should be but one party among the 
Greeks ; the minds and bodies of all should be devoted to 
the expulsion of the Turks, the establishment of the consti- 
tution and the laws, and the security of person and pro- 
perty. 

I hope that a congress will take place at Salona, for the 
purpose of concerting measures of good government and 
military co-operation in Eastern and Western Greece. 
Odysseus is resolved to proclaim his noble sentiments, and 
to act up to them with vigour. 

We anxiously await accounts from your armies at Arta 
and Lepanto. 

I am your friend, 

L. S. 

TO THE SECRETARY OF THE GREEK GOVERNMENT. 

Athens, 30th March, 1824. 

Excellent Sir, 

I reojjest you to lay before the Greek govern- 
ment and to publish the accompanying letter irom the Lon- 
don Committee, recommending reconciliation to the Greek 
leaders. Without union, your independence and liberties — 
all will be lost. 

There are who say that the views of Great Britain are 
selfish. Some pretend that she wishes to purchase the Mo- 
rea. Now I put it to the good sense of the representatives 
of the people whether the magnanimous Alexander, with 
his million of disciplined and valiant troops, and backed by 
the victorious Greeks, would sanction such a bargain. In 
one sense indeed, my countrymen are selfish. They wish to 
see Greece great and free : great that they may benefit by 
her industry and wealth, and free that the numbers of the 
enfranchised may. be augmented, and give additional secu- 
rity to the liberties of England. All other selfish views we 
disclaim. In fact, were our ambition of the worst charac- 
ter, what success could the most unprincipled minister ex- 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 129 

pect against Greece, supported by a million of Russian 
bayonets ? What, but that Greece would be subdued by 
her protector. 

I wish the legislative body to understand that I by no 
means complain of these erroneous notions ; on the con- 
trary, I wish them to be published, that they may be estab- 
lished or confuted. Free men and free government should 
court publicity, because it leads to the elucidation of truth. 

I am your friend, 

L. S. 

TO THE GOVERNOR OF HYDRA. 

Athens, 30th March, 1824. 
Excellent Sir, 

I request of you to reflect on and to publish the 
enclosed letter on reconciliation, from the Greek Committee 
in London. The evidence of every day proves the evils 
arising out of disunion. But for it, the Greeks would have 
been in possession of Patras, Lepanto, Negropont, and Can- 
dia ; and their good people would not have been starving in 
this fertile region. 

I rejoice that the Hydriots have established a free press. 
The full exercise of truth upon all immoral actions promotes 
virtue and secures the highest measure of happiness. 
I am your most devoted servant, 

L. S. 

Humphreys has just arrived from Missolonghi. He has 
succeeded in his mission. A congress is to take place im- 
mediately at Salona, at which Mavrocordato, Lord Byron, 
and other Englishmen will be present. [Vide Appendix, 
Nos. 24 and 25.] Mavrocordato was much indisposed to- 
wards the congress, and Mr. Finlay had not succeeded in 
bringing him to the adoption of that measure. He hinted 
to Lord B. the possibility of Odysseus retaliating on him 
the treachery he had experienced from Lord Churchill. I 

R 



130 GREECE, IX 1823 AND 1_ ; 

mention this as a specimen of Turkish intrigue and cun- 
ning. 

The prospectus of the Greek Telegraph has appeared. 
When I wrote it, I had no idea that the motto, u The world 
our country, and doing good our religion," would have been 
objected to, or I would (if I could) have selected a better. 
I by no means meant to encroach upon the orthodoxv of 
the methodists. I have desired numbers to be sent to vou 
weekly for sale. Byron is constantlv to write articles for 
the Telegraph. [Vide Appendix, Nos. 26 and 27.] 

An anonymous letter was vesterday picked up in the 
streets of Athens. It called upon the Athenians to turn 
out Goorha from his command in the fort, as thev had 
their former Ephores. The letter was shown to Goorha to 
irritate his undisciplined mind. He called on me this morn- 
ing, when I told him that I had heard with deep regret that 
some crafty villain had set a snare to injure his fellow citi- 
zens, but that I was sure that he would despise all such arts. 
Let him treat them as I had done the report that England 
wished to purchase the Morea. I then read my letter to the 
Greek government to him, and told him that after it had 
been published and spread abroad, I should present myself 
before the Moreots to receive their sentence. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER LVIII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Athens, 31st March, 1824, 

My dear B. 

I have this moment received a letter from the 
Athenians, approving my conduct and desiring me to remain 
here, together with another on the same subject, and ad~ 
dressed to the Committee. [Vide Appendix, Nos. 28 and 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 131 

29.] The following is a copy of my answer to the Athe- 
nians. 

Athens, 31st March, 1824. 

u Athenians, 

" Your warm reception, your approval of my con- 
duct, the expression of your esteem, and your desire that I 
should remain among you and aid you in your difficulties, 
fill my heart with pleasure. 

" I was sent here by the Greek Committee to promote 
your liberties. In this noble work they associated me with 
Lord Byron, an alliance that at once sheds honour on me 
and dooms me to insignificance. My sole merit is in having 
felt and acted like a Greek. I have scrupulously avoided 
connecting myself with any faction. I know no enemy but 
the Turks, no party but the people of Greece — her valiant 
soldiers, her daring sailors, and her virtuous peasantry ; no 
authorities but the representatives of the nation ; and no 
law but that sanctioned by your excellent constitution. 

" At Athens all my feelings have been gratified. Dead 
must his soul be who could behold her matchless ruins, 
could reflect on her past glory and long sufferings, could 
witness her reviving efforts, her public assemblies, her free 
elections, her bold declaimers, and her martial citizens, and 
not feel moved at her awful story and thankful to Provi- 
dence for her deliverance. 

" I deeply regret that the state of my health prevents my 
remaining in Greece during the hot weather. 

" I am your most devoted servant, 

" L. S." 

Two persons have been sent from Cranidi to persuade me 
to join the government : the one is a M. Theocletos, who 
was secretary to the minister- at- war ; the other is an officer. 
My present intention is to go first to the congress at Salona, 
and then to join the government. I have also had many 
applications from the opposite party. By my warm attach- 



132 GREECE, IN 1323 AND 1824, 

ment to the Greek cause, my resolution in avoiding all fac- 
tions, and my open conduct, I have gained friends on all 
sides. 

The only way to effect a union in Greece, where there 
are so many discordant interests among the ruling few, is 
to get two or three men of influence to take the right course. 
If none of exalted virtue are to be found, then convince 
those of an inferior caste that it is their interest to promote 
good government. I think that Odysseus is determined to 
pursue this line of conduct, and that he will carry with him 
a great part of the military body. Ipsilanti is also well- 
disposed and has great influence over both soldiery and 
people. I wish to see him the president of the legislative 
body. Till that assembly acquires some influence in the 
nation no good can be effected. To give them their due 
weight it will be necessary to publish their proceedings. 
Negris is a clever man, and is of the popular side, but in- 
triguing. Mavrocordato is always for good government, 
and will be forced to pursue the strong tide of popular feel- 
ing, or he will struggle and sink. 

The first step to be taken at Salona will be to shake hands 
and to commence business in a spirit of amity ; the next, to 
arrange how the proceedings may be conducted with order; 
the assembly should then consider how they can obtain 
means to support the troops at Thermopylae, Arta, Negro- 
pont, &c. Proclamations should then be issued, declaiming 
against factions, extortion, the want of military exertion, 
civil war, &c. and calling upon the people to remember the 
conduct of their ancestors, and to make exertions to put the 
laws and constitution in force, and to crush the enemy. 

The Morea is troubled by the hostilities between the Co- 
locotroni and government factions. Colocotroni is shut up 
in Tripolitza, and his son Pano in Napoli. Eastern Greece 
is tranquil. Odysseus is at Negropont, from whence 700 
Albanians have lately absconded in a body. Measures 
should be taken at congress for securing the passes of Ther- 
mopylae. Western Greece is also tranquil, but the people 



GREECE, IN. 1823 AND 1824. 133 

<bf Missolonghi are dissatisfied with Mavrocordato for 
spending too much in his house, on his table, guards, &c. 
The islands are all tranquil. Candia is subdued, but the 
peasantry of the mountains will rise again on the arrival of 
the fleet. The Albanians in their own country and in the 
garrisons of Greece are discontented. We are trying to 
move them by setting before their eyes a list of the griev- 
ances they are doomod to under Turkish rule, and recom- 
mending them to make themselves independent. The 
Turks have much confidence in Mahommed Ali, Pacha of 
Egypt ; but what can an individual do with an undisciplined 
horde of Turkish soldiers and sailors ? Upon the whole I 
am of opinion that Greece will make great progress in her 
civil government this year, but none in her military career. 
The foundation laid, great things may be done next year. 

I have not yet got the presses from Napoli, but have them 
I will. I have sent a courier to Missolonghi for a litho- 
graphic press. 

Yours, 

L. S, 



LETTER LIX. 

TO THE SAME. 

Athens, 3d April, 1824, 
My dear B. 

Captain Clifford has just arrived. I requested 
of him to demand the restitution of the stores at Napoli. 
He made some objections, but I assured him there were no 
arms or ammunition, upon which he said that if he went 
there he would endeavour to procure them. 

Should the present party triumph, they will still have a 
formidable opposition. They will have the Colocotronis, the 
Ipsilantis, Petrombeys, Delemanis, and most of the military 
chiefs to contend with. These, in the event of any reverse of 



134 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

fortune, would upset the government. For this reason I shall 
do all in my power to get the government to pursue a course 
that will disarm this phalanx. In the first place by enlist- 
ing Ipsilanti, Niketas, young Mavromichaili, Pano, and 
some of the best of their coherents ; and, secondly, by pur- 
suing a just course of government, and doing nothing to 
offend the soldiery. The army have an idea that Mavro- 
cordato and his party are hostile to them. This notion 
should be removed, not by timid concessions, but by a due 
regard to their claims and their families. 

In consequence of the increasing strength of the govern- 
ment-party, and their having blockaded Napoli and Tripo- 
litza, the authorities at Athens delayed their departure for 
Salona till they should see what turn things would take. 
They would not, however, hear either of my departing with- 
out them, or of my not going with them. At last they con- 
sented to proceed on the morning of the 5th instant. The 
morning came, but Goorha said that farther delay was ne- 
cessary, on account of some hundreds of Odysseus' sol- 
diers having deserted for want of pay. I then resolved on 
going to iEgina. Hearing of this, Goorha promised to de- 
part for Salona the next morning. I agreed. In the evening, 
however, I received an invitation from Captain Clifford to 
proceed to Napoli. After a long negotiation with the Prefect, 
for the commandant is locked up at night in the fortress, I 
was allowed to depart the next morning. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 135 

LETTER LX. 

TO THE SAME. 

Hydra, 7th April, 1824. 
My dear B. 

I this morning reached Hydra. The authorities 
were assembled, and I addressed the members on various 
matters. I made arrangements with the editor of " L'Ami 
des Lois" to send to London several numbers of his paper : 
these I solicit the Committee to dispose of for the benefit of 
the editor. I subscribed 20/. yearly to this Gazette. 

Off Napoli, 8th April. 

On our arrival here we found a French fleet of two fri- 
gates and three brigs. The Commodore had a claim against 
the Greek government for acts of piracy; and, as they had 
a difficulty in paying him, he entered into an agreement 
with Pano to surrender up a Turkish bey, then a prisoner 
at Napoli. The government remonstrated, and desired the 
French Commodore to observe the law of nations and the 
blockade. The Frenchman swaggered and yielded. 

In consequence of the blockade, Captain Clifford could 
not send a boat to demand the restitution of my property at 
Napoli. I however addressed a letter to Pano full of threats 
and compliments : I told him that his friends Odysseus and 
Goorha were anxious to have the press and to meet me at 
Salona. This was confirmed by Goorha's own letters to 
Pano, for I have the good fortune to be well with both par- 
ties. I entrusted the letter containing the requisition to a 
physician, who is employed by Goorha and Odysseus as a 
spy on me, and by myself as an interpreter. He arrived one 
hour after another messenger whom I had previously des- 
patched from Athens, and Pano promised to give up the ar- 
ticles on my sending a boat for them. [Vide Appendix, No. 
3©.] 



136 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

The executive body are embarked here, and the legislative 
body is at Argos. I had a long discussion with the former. 
They objected to the congress at Salona. I told them that 
it was urged by me when they were weak, and now that 
they were strong they had only to send a member there to 
support their interests. To this they agreed. I recom- 
mended them to act with vigour, and, when they had sub- 
dued their enemy, to neutralize his future power by enlist- 
ing the best of his faction into their ranks. I also recom- 
mended them to gain over the army : to show the military 
chiefs that it was their interest to be with them, and the sol- 
diers that they never would be provided for till they had a 
regular government. I pointed out to them the policy of 
giving greater influence to the legislative body, by which 
means alone the people could be raised to power and to pre- 
dominance over the existing military despotism. This was 
to be done by their pursuing good measures, by selecting 
popular topics for debate, by having their speeches ably re- 
ported, by spreading wide the newspapers, and by sending 
them to all the Prefects, by proclamations, &c. I advised 
them to be exceedingly careful in selecting good and tried 
officers and men for the garrisons of Corinth, Napoli, Na- 
varrin, Tripolitza, &c. 

I also spoke with several members of the legislative body, 
and advised them to resume their sittings, to discuss po- 
pular measures, to correspond with their constituents, and 
not to talk alone, but to act. 

Yours, 



€REECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 13f 

LETTER LXI. 

TO THE SAME. 

Gulf of Napoli, 9th April, 1824. 
My dear B. 

I expect to have the press to-morrow. I shall for- 
ward it to ^Egina, for the use of the Athenians. The fol- 
lowing is a copy of my letter to them :— 

" Athenians, 

u I call you Athenians because you are the worthy 
descendants of that ancient, learned, valiant, and famed peo- 
ple — because you have bravely asserted and wisely preserved 
your liberties. 

a I am sent among you as the agent of the Greek Com- 
mittee of London. I will not tire you by a long disserta- 
tion on the advantages that must result from the free exer- 
cise of reason on the measures of government. Englishmen, 
knowing its happy influence, have sent to Greece a number 
of presses, one of which I now present, in their name, to the 
Athenians. Let them exercise it for the good of the people. 
Let them guard it as a sacred pledge of the attachment of 
the Britons to the Greeks. 

" Your cause, Athenians, has touched the people of Eng- 
land to the heart. They have beheld with wonder the ex- 
ploits of the Greeks by land and sea. With anxious solici- 
tude they have watched a people nobly struggling with ad- 
versity and bravely starting from their chains, undismayed 
by defeat, and in the end triumphing over an empire that has 
for ages maintained itself against the substantive states of 
Europe. But what is no less extraordinary is that a nation 
so long enslaved by Roman and by Turkish emperors should^ 
amidst the clash of arms and the war of factions, have estab* 
iished a free constitution. 

*' To pursue and to perfect the work they have so well foe- 



138 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

gan is, however, a difficult task. Athenians, you are well 
aware, that the end of government is the public good, or, in 
other words, the greatest good of the greatest number. This 
cannot exist without perfect security of person, property, 
and reputation. If this desirable state of things cannot be 
found in Greece, where the people are so virtuous, it is be- 
cause the small number, who have grasped the powers of go- 
vernment, have pursued their own advantage in preference 
to that of the community. I allude to no party in particular, 
but to the ruling few of all parties. To correct this state 
of things, the people must either have recourse to physical 
force or to reason, and the full exercise of truth upon crimi- 
nal actions, through the persuasive and commanding influ- 
ence of a free press. De Lolme has well illustrated its 
power and demonstrated its superioi'ity over the greatest 
of earthly potentates. * If,' he says, " in an empire of the 

* East, there should be found a sanctuary, which, venerable 
c from the ancient religion of the country, should ensure the 

* safety of all who should there utter their opinions; if from 
i such a sanctuary there should issue printed papers, which, 
1 by the affixing of a certain seal, should acquire an equal 
4 title to inviolability, and which, in their daily appearances, 
' should freely examine and comment on the conduct of the 

* Cadis, the Pachas, the Visirs, and the Sultan himself; the 
1 inevitable consequence of such a combination of circum- 
' stances would be the establishment of liberty.' 

I am, 

Your most devoted servant, 

L. S," 

The following is the prospectus which I have drawn up: — 

" Prospectus. 

" The Greeks, resolved to be free, should be enlightened. 
This will be best effected by opening the channels of know- 
ledge and placing before their minds all the intelligence ot 
the nineteenth century. To this end nothing is so condu- 
cive as the unrestricted publication of men's thoughts. Some 



GREECE, IN 182S AND 1824 139 

patriots, strongly impressed with this conviction, have un- 
dertaken to conduct a journal, to be entitled, 
THE ATHENS FREE PRESS. 

The motto to be prefixed to it is as follows: 
" Publicity is the Soul of Justice ." 

The editors, in selecting this motto, have implied the vast 
importance which they attach to publicity. Without it, the 
people must remain ignorant of the proceedings of the se- 
nate, and incapable of judging of the conduct of their repre- 
sentatives ; they are kept in the dark concerning the admi- 
nistration of the laws and the character of their judges ; and 
the wealth and the revenue of the nation, which is the pro- 
duce of their labour, may be extorted from them and squan- 
dered away in luxury and corruption. By far the most ef- 
fectual means of giving publicity to all acts is through the 
medium of the press, because it embraces the whole field of 
government, and gives to our ideas the widest extent of cir- 
culation. 

We are friendly to free discussion, and hold, that opinions,, 
though erroneous, when well canvassed and digested, tend 
to the ultimate advancement of truth. Insertion will there- 
fore be given in " The Athens Free Press" to every well 
written article, however at variance with our own opinions. 
Men of all parties acknowledge that the peasantry, and the 
mass of the Greeks, are virtuous. Now, virtue is the essen- 
tial characteristic of a free people. We shall, therefore, 
maintain the fundamental principles of the constitution and 
the commonwealth. The elective franchise we desire to see 
extended in its widest sense, as at Athens, and the public 
functionaries selected from amongst the most honest, active, 
intelligent, and patriotic of our citizens. The laws, we con» 
tend, should be plain and comprehensive ; and justice openly, 
speedily, and cheaply administered. We shall watch with a 
jealous eye the conduct of our public functionaries, espe*- 
cially of our ministers, judges, generals, and prefects. Upon 
the virtue of these great officers of state depend our success 
in war, and the enforcement of the constitution an^l the laws, 



140 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

We shall endeavour to do justice to our army and navy, by 
recording their acts. Unaided, they have triumphed over 
an empire that has often foiled the powerful states of Eu- 
rope, and have established in Greece a free constitution. 
Their deeds stand unrivalled, even by those of their great 
ancestors. To nothing can they be compared, but to the 
realization of an epic poem, or of a dream. Foreigners we 
shall watch — their words, their looks, their actions, shall not 
escape us. If they come hither to intrigue, they shall be 
exposed; if to advance our interests, honoured. We are in 
Favour of foreign settlers. They will bring with them capi- 
tal, knowledge, industry, and civilization. They will ad- 
vance our agriculture, manufactures, and commerce,. and by 
so doing, they will promote our wealth. All our exertions 
shall be used to further the establishment of museums, of 
agricultural, horticultural, and other societies ; but they shall, 
above all things, be directed towards the formation of schools, 
and of a body of instructors for the diffusion of education 
among the people. 

With all the power of the press, — a power that must ul- 
timately enforce truth and a virtuous course of Government, 
we shall endeavour to promote union among the Greeks. 
Disunion paralyzes the efforts of our government and of our 
warriors ; it ruins our agriculture, our commerce, and our 
credit ; and it inflicts on our good people poverty, disease, 
starvation and death. Turks triumph in our disunion; it is 
their only hope. Despots triumph in our disunion ; it lays 
our country open to their avarice and to their lust of domi- 
nation ; perhaps to ages of dark bondage, like those which 
our fathers have lingered through in anguish. 

With respect to foreign politics, we wish Greece to remain 
in amity with all nations, and to see them prosper, in order 
that we may benefit by their intercourse. 

4 The Athens Free Press' will be published twice every 
week. The subscription to it will be three dollars per an- 
num. Those who wish to have this journal will be pleased 
to address themselves to — > 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 141 

As the merits and success of a newspaper depend chiefly 
on those who contribute their thoughts and intelligence, the 
editors solicit the mental aid o£ all well-informed Greeks 
towards the furtherance of their undertaking." 

I propose to give one of the lithographic presses to the 
representative body, and the other to the Ipsariots. Of all 
the islands, Ipsara is said to be the best governed, and the 
freest. From it intelligence may be spread far — even to 
Turkey. 

I hope to reach you soon after this letter. My health is 

feeble, and my work is nearly finished. 

Yours, 

L. S. 

I shall send you my correspondenee-book ; remember that 
it was written at full speed. 

L. S. 



LETTER LXIL 

TO THE SAME. 

Napoli di Romania, 9th April, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Napoli being in a state of blockade and the French 
commodore not having been allowed to communicate with 
that place, on account of his being desirous to carry off from 
thence a Turkish bey, the Greek Admiral requested of Capt. 
Clifford to observe the same rule. I was, therefore, obliged 
to address a letter to Pano, relative to the Committee's 
articles in his possession, and to forward it by land. I re- 
ceived a civil answer, and was told that I might have the 
property, provided I would send an English boat for it. 
The next day the French fleet sailed. I then made for 
Napoli, and after some difficulty obtained the things. 



142 GREECE, Itf 1823 AND 1824. 

Pano Colocotroni behaved towards me with politeness. 
I said he was in error in conceiving that his enemies had 
prejudiced me against him. They had, on the contrary, 
spoken in his praise, and impressed me with a favourable 
opinion of his merits. I told him that I had just published 
a letter in the " Ami des Lois," in which I had defended 
England and myself against the charge of wishing to pur- 
chase the Morea, and was now come among my accusers to 
be judged. Pano wondered j Metaxa, who was present, 
looked abashed, and the rest of the company laughed heartily. 
Pano and Metaxa repeatedly offered to rest the decision of their 
cause on my judgment. I told them that I was a foreigner, 
and would never interfere more in their concerns than I 
thought a Greek should do in the affairs of England. They 
offered to take me round the fortress. I cautioned them that 
I was going direct into the enemy's camp. I told them that 
I was so shallow a diplomatist that I had never been able to 
discover the political cause that divided Greece. They said 
that there was none. Pano said I was a good Philhellene. 
I replied that I was neither Greek nor Philhellene, for I 
belonged to no faction ; perhaps it was because I had no 
interest to serve. Pano said he thought I had pursued my 
real interest ; for I had gained my end, which had gratified 
my ambition. 

Metaxa is a sly politician, who has injured his country 
and raised himself by his cunning. He is Pano's adviser. 
I asked him what he was fighting for I " Because he was 
attacked." — " Why don't you give up the fortress ?" — "We 
are ready to do so to a just government." — " Who is to 
be the judge ?" — " A general assembly." — " An armed as- 
sembly ?" — " No. Well; we are also ready to coalesce." — 
" How ?" — " We will allow the President, Vice-president, 
and Coletti to remain in office, and our opponents may per- 
mit us to name Satiri Caralamba. Zaimi is neutral." — 
u They have passed sentence against Satiri Caralamba." — 
u It was unjust ; but if they will net agree to this, let them 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 143 

change the whole government." I have already given you 
my opinion that the government, though successful, could 
not go on for any length of time without coalescing. A 
priest, who inclined to the government party, was massacred 
during the time I was at Napoli. Whether this horrible act 
was sanctioned by the authorities, I know not. The conse* 
quences may, perhaps, be beneficial to the Greek cause. 

Coletti and two of the representatives are gone to treat 
with Colocotroni at Tripolitza. If he fails, I will endea- 
vour to see what a disinterested foreigner can effect. 

Mill, near Argos, April 10th. 
My time has been taken up with the representatives. At 
my request they have agreed to commence their sittings. I 
was present at one this morning. Their Vice-president is a 
priest. He said that the Greeks owed much to England, and 
were happy to see me among them. I replied that I valued 
the compliment as coming from the representatives of a vir- 
tuous and suffering people. I then gave them an account of 
the character and conduct of the Committee. They desir- 
ed my advice concerning the loan. I said that I was of 
opinion that it should be placed at Zante, under the charge 
of certain commissioners, and should only be paid over to 
an effective government. The administration should then 
reserve it for the payment of the soldiers actually engaged in 
war. They should limit the number of officers, and the go- 
vernment should appoint an honest commissioner to accom- 
pany each army, for the purpose of calling the roll every 
month, and putting the pay into the hands of each soldier. 
None of the money should be devoted to the payment of old 
debts. They approved of these suggestions, and said they 
would pass a law to that effect. I urged them to publish 
their proceedings. I presented Mr. Bentham's manuscript 
on government to them, observing that they should prefer 
his aid to that of the Holy Alliance, for if they followed his 
maxims they would be free and powerful ; whereas, if they 



144 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

accepted the hollow friendship of despots, though adorned 
with ribbons and golden chains, they must relapse into long 
and hopeless servitude. The assembly then passed a law 
to prevent those who had absented themselves from their 
duties from being re-elected; and also one appointing com- 
missioners for the loan. This body appears to be divided 
into three parties : about twelve belonging to the Colo co- 
troni faction ; the rest are the Primates, who are rather 
addicted to Turkish principles of government, and the repub- 
licans, who take England, America, and Switzerland for 
their models. The latter feelings now begin to predo- 
minate. 

I have two presses here. The royal press I shall send 
immediately to Athens. The lithographic press I have at- 
tempted to work, but not with success. I shall get Gropius, 
who was a copper-plate printer, to undertake it. The litho- 
graphic presses do not answer here. Small cheap presses would 
suit best in young countries. You are aware that, though 
crossed in every way, I set up the " Telegraph," at Misso- 
longhi. When I left that place, Hodges and Gill promised 
to print the prospectus in English. They made every effort 
to do so, but were again and again thwarted by Parry. In 
short, the press has had to contend with every difficulty, 
but it has triumphed. It has produced a revolution in the 
public mind, and the people are now in arms against the ar- 
bitrary proceedings of the Colocotronis. 

Giorgio Gaza, the Archi-Mandrite, a friend of Corea's, 
has been deputed to the government, by the people of Olym- 
pus. 12,000 of them offer to rise and to take the field, provi- 
ded they are supplied with one month's pay, and a quantity 
of powder and lead. The Turks never could disarm them, 
although they were partially subdued in the early part of the 
revolution. If they had two ships, to prevent supplies com- 
ing in on their flank, they would do wonders. 

The Greeks talk and talk, but they must be strongly im- 
pelled before they will act. I have got a person to report 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824 145 

the proceedings of their legislative body, and I shall make a 

hard battle to have the names of the orators prefixed to 

their speeches. 

Yours, 

L. S, 



LETTER LXIII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Mill, near Napoli, 12th April, 1824. 
My dear B. 

I propose to address the following letter to the 
secretary of the legislative body : 

" Sir, 

" To promote the strength and knowledge of the 
Greeks, is the first desire of my heart. To this end, it is 
necessary that their representatives should be raised to their 
proper elevation. Instead of this, my ears are pained with 
the sound of individual names, — of Colocotroni, Mavro- 
cordato, Byron, Ipsilanti, Metaxa, Stanhope, &c. No one 
ever hears any thing of the virtuous and enlightened mem- 
bers of the legislative body. They are doomed to rise and 
fall, and to expend their exertions to no purpose ; and the 
consequence is, that they and the people, instead of being 
almost omnipotent, are considered as so many cyphers. 
What is the reason ? Why, because neither they nor the 
people are known. To make them known and to put your 
free constitution in force, publicity is necessary. Your 
house of assembly should be wide open ; the speeches of the 
members should be published, how else can men judge of 
their conduct ? Their acts should be spread abroad, or the 
people must remain ignorant of their laws. How is this to 

T 



146 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

be done ? Let a report of the speeches and acts be forward- 
ed to the editors of newspapers. Let the newspapers be sent 
to all the Prefects, with an order for them to spread the in- 
telligence which they contain : the editors would, no doubt, 
furnish the printing at prime cost. And let Mavrocordato 
be solicited to obtain one of the presses at Missolonghi, for 
the use of the government. Unless some such measures are 
pursued, the forms of your free constitution may remain, 
but the government will be, in practice, Turkish. 

" I solicit your pardon for the freedom of my remarks. 
The worthies of the Greek commonwealth must not be of- 
fended at truth. 

" I am, 

"L. S." 

The elections take place next month. The franchise is 
universal to all males above twenty years of age. Every 
fifty families of a village choose one deputy, who proceeds 
to the central town of the prefecture. The central town elects 
twelve deputies. These village and town deputies then elect 
either one or two members of parliament, according to the 
extent of their district. This is all done by ballot. The 
legislative body chooses the executive body by a plurality of 
voices. This latter consists of five or seven members. 
They have, at present, an undue weight, owing to the want 
of vigour and intellectual aptitude in the representatives, 
the publication of whose debates would soon raise their 
character. 

The general assembly is thus formed. Two or four de- 
puties are chosen in each prefecture, by ballot ; who then 
unite and form the general assembly. This is the only body 
that can make any fundamental change in the constitution. 
They discuss questions openly, and decide them by ballot, 
and by a simple majority. 

The legislative and executive bodies, indeed all the peo- 
ple, think that the loan will save Greece, if it arrives in 
time. Every preparatory measure has been taken towards 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. t47 

tiie proper disposal of the money. The Greeks are careful 
of their money, and not at all disposed to squander the re- 
sources of the state. The only danger is, that it should fall 
into the hands of a few individuals and be appropriated to 
their particular interests. The present crisis is favourable. 
The proffered aid could not arrive more opportunely. Had 
it come sooner, it might have fallen into the hands of the 
military oligarchs. At present, their fortresses are about 
to surrender to the constitutionalists, and the government 
makes progress towards improvement and strength. The 
loan will enable Greece to protect her frontier this year, her 
people to reap the fruits of their labour, and the government 
to collect the revenue. Next year they will, I trust, be in a 
state to march into the enemy's country. 

I have endeavoured to persuade the government to pur- 
sue the following plan in the ensuing campaign. They 
should have three corps on the line of their frontier. One 
at Thermopylae for defence ; one at Olympus for raising 
the country and inviting the people to arms, as their hearts 
are already united with the Greeks ; and one at Agrafa, for 
the purpose of defence ; or of offence, if they should succeed 
in exciting an insurrection among the Albanians. 

I am yours, &c. 

L. £>* 



LETTER LXIV, 

TO THE SAME. 

Argos, 14th April, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Last night a courier arrived from Athens, with 
letters for me from Odysseus, Goorha, Anastatius, and 
others, stating that they had departed for the congress at 
Salona, and pressing me to hasten thither. [Vide Appen- 



148 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

dix, No. 31.] I passed the night in writing and packing, 
and in the morning waited upon the executive body. They 
objected to the congress, said that it was not sanctioned by 
them, but had been promoted by Negris, and finally brought 
about by me. I told them, that I had urged it at the soli- 
citation of Odysseus, at a time when the government was 
feeble, and that its object was to form a strong league in 
favour of good government and vigorous exertions, and to 
force the Morea to act on similar principles. I was asked 
why I had given the press to the Athenians which I had 
promised to the government ? I told them that the press, 
in its way to the seat of the government, had been seized at 
Napoli ; that knowing that Pano would not allow this bat- 
tery to be turned upon himself, especially as so many of his 
faction had been wounded by the one established at Misso- 
longhi, I had given it to the people of Athens, and had pre- 
vailed upon Goorha, the Prefect Lambro, Sophianopulo, 
and other friends of Colocotroni, to write to Pano to deli- 
ver it up. By these means I had obtained the press ; Goorha 
and Odysseus had pledged their words that it should be 
free, and Professor Psylas, a friend of the government and 
of liberty, was engaged to write for it. Owing to the pro- 
bability of Athens being blockaded, I should send the press 
for the present to ^Egina, the Prefect of which island is under 
the influence of the government. I said, that if this manoeu- 
vre did not satisfy them, I must go to Salona, watch the tac- 
tics of Negris and Mavrocordato, and endeavour in future 
to be more skilful. They smiled, approved, and gave me 
their despatches. 

Argos, like all the other towns of Greece, is in ruins. I 
called on Flesas, archimandrite and minister of the interior. 
He is a shrewd man, was one of the plotters of the revolu- 
tion, and has served much as a soldier. Almost every cap- 
tain has some priests among his soldiers, and they are only 
distinguished from the others by their beards. Flesas's bro- 
ther is blockading Tripolitza. His name is Niketas. Ano- 
ther general of the same name, and famed for his martial 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 149 

virtue, came out of the town and implored him not to injure 
his fellow soldiers and citizens, and attempted to embrace 
him. The other desired him to return to his duties, to give 
up the town to the government, and not to approach, or he 
would attack him. Again he approached in amity. The 
stern soldier drew his sword. The two Niketas fought. 
The government captain wounded his friend, and then wept 
over and embraced him. Pray communicate this chivalrous 
sentimental story to the German Committees. There are 
scribblers in that country, that would make it up into a five- 
act drama, with choruses. 

Corinth, April 15th. 

On my road hither, I met a large drove of sheep ; I asked 
to whom they belonged, and was told, to one Mamalaga, 
a wealthy man of Agrafa, who had set off with 60,000 sheep 
from his own country, and had driven the flock to the Mo- 
rea. Half of the sheep had been captured on the road. 

Corinth is in the same state as Argos. The ancient and 
modern ruins furnish a contrast by which the respective me- 
rits of the Greek and Turkish governments may be com- 
pared. The captain of the town is a Servian. He has 90 
men either of his own country or of Bulgaria. These sol- 
diers are brave. They left Odysseus because he could 
not pay them. 

Salona, April 16th. 
I reached Salona this morning. Nothing can exceed the 
beauty and sublime character of the scenery between the 
gulf and this place. There the eye embraces at a glance 
the rude sea, a valley of flowers, a winding stream, and 
mountains covered with firs and topped with snow. I have 
been disappointed in not finding Lord Byron and Mavro- 
cordato here. The reason assigned is a plot that is said to 
have taken place at Missolonghi, to deliver that place up to 
the Turks. This may be the real cause, but Mavrocordato 
was always averse to meeting Odysseus, or to allowing Lord 
Byron to quit the seat of his government. 



150 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

After the congress here is over, I shall proceed to iEgina, 
to Athens, and then to Zante, and England. 

Goorha has just called upon me. He said, " Well, you 
have now seen both parties, what do you think of them." I 
replied, " Your Captains are for plunder and liberty. The 
government are for order and a mild despotism. I am for 
and against you both. I am for order and liberty." 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER LXV. 

TO THE SAME. 

Salona, 18th April, 1824. 

My dear B. 

Odysseus arrived here yesterday : Negris accom- 
panied him. This Negris is perhaps the cleverest fellow 
in Greece. He is a rugged statesmen out of employ, and 
professes to be a republican. He, Mavrocordato, Odysseus, 
and Sophianopulo, are famed for political intrigue and tac- 
tics. Neither Lord Byron nor Mavrocordato have yet 
arrived. Odysseus has despatched a letter to the latter, 
stating that the authorities in Western Greece are assembled 
to meet him in congress. Mavrocordato, finding that the 
government are strong, will probably excuse himself, by 
stating the troubled state of Missolonghi, owing to the con- 
spiracy to deliver that place over to the Turks. 

The captains are generally adverse to the loan. They say 
that it will be plundered by the government party. The 
fact is, they fear that it will deprive them of power and the 
means of acquiring wealth. They have a notion, too, that 
the government is hostile to the army, and I have solicited 
the government to remove this opinion, by paying their 
soldiers, and doing them strict justice ; also, by issuing 
proclamations against those captains who do not pursue this 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 151 

course. It should always be considered that an army con- 
sists of two branches ; if, therefore, you cannot gain the 
officers, gain the men, and you render their leaders impo- 
tent. 

In a letter to Ipsilanti, Sophianopulo boasts of his address, 
in having set me against Mavrocordato, and gained me over 
to the opposite side. In the same letter, he solicits Coloco- 
troni's party to deliver over the presses to me. So much 
for Sophianopulo's cunning. The letter was intercepted by 
the government and will be published. [Vide Appendix, 
No. 32.] 

I have just come from a meeting. Negris, in a long di- 
plomatic speech, seemed to recommend a general assembly. 
I objected to an armed assembly. He then wished to give 
our congress that character. I protested against any mea- 
sure in the least degree unconstitutional. He talked of an 
oligarchy that had existed for eighty years in the Morea. I 
said that there now existed two oligarchies there, the one of 
the Primates, and the other of the military chiefs ; that the 
way to break this power was by giving weight to the people 
and their representatives, and that publicity was the means 
by which this might be effected. I recommended to Odysseus 
to steer a middle course between both factions, to put the 
constitution in force, and to act the part of a Washington or 
a Bolivar. He agreed to send Mr. Trelawny to Lord By- 
ron, for the purpose of persuading him and Mavrocordato 
to attend the congress. I then desired Odysseus to order 
Psylas to proceed to iEgina, and to put the press in motion. 
[Vide Appendix, No. 33.] He said he would desire the 
Athenians to elect a new judge in the place of Psylas, and 
to send him thither. I have since despatched Baron Gilman 
on that mission. All here breathe the noblest sentiments of 
freedom. 

The following is a copy of a letter which I have written 
to Lord Byron. 



152 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 



Salona, 19th April, 1824. 
My dear Lord, 

There is a report current that your Lordship and 
myself are appointed commissioners for the disposal of the 
loan. For my own part, though it will be attended with 
great inconvenience, I will undertake the responsible charge. 
Should such a duty devolve upon me, I should insist as far 
as I am concerned, on having the money sent, in the first 
instance, to Zante, or to one of the Ionian islands. I doubt 
not that your Lordship will agree with me in this opinion, 
and act accordingly. 

I am, 

L. S. 

I have just received a letter from Hodges and Gill, con- 
taining the following passage : — " In respect to what has 
been done since our arrival, as we cannot say what we wish, 
we will decline saying any thing. We feel we should be 
wanting in every sentiment of gratitude and respect (which 
we are proud to say are our feelings) if we did not inform 
you that considerable pains are taken by some person* or 
persons, to make it appear you are supporting a faction in 
opposition to the government, and this is not a little in- 
creased by a letter written by Mr. Hastings to an American 
gentleman here, of the name of Jarvis, in which he says that 
in spite of all his remonstrances he is afraid your mind is 
biassed by a person named, we believe, Sophianopulo, whom 
Hastings states to be one of the most execrable villains that 
ever existed." 

Lord Byron is dangerously ill. Count Gamba and 
Mavrocordato have desired me to proceed to Missolonghi, 

* Mr. Parry went about with his eyes and hands up, saying " Horrible, 
horrible ! ! a conspiracy is formed against the government, and an English- 
man (i. e. L. S.) is at the head of it." 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 153 

but I have deferred doing so, being myself ill and full of 

grief, having now first heard of the death of my mother. 

I am, 

L. S. 



LETTER LXVL 

TO THE SAME. 

Salona, 21st April, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Lieutenant Klempe has just arrived here with 
the lithographic press from Missolonghi. I have despatched 
him with it to ^Egina. This press I intend for Ipsara, an 
island said to be well governed, and from whence intelli- 
gence may be spread over the Archipelago, and even to 
Turkey. 

I have recommended to the Greek government to court 
the friendship of America, and have requested of them to 
send an agent thither. The object of this mission would be 
to desire the republic to send an envoy to Greece, and to 
favour commercial intercourse between the two countries* 
M. Kalergy would, I think, undertake the mission, and Mr. 
Finlay has offered through me, to go to America to forward 
its objects. From the liberal spirit of the American go- 
vernment, and from the circumstance of the Porte never 
having acknowledged their independence, they would, per- 
haps, feel favourably disposed towards Greece. Three or 
four years back, America sent an agent to the Porte to make 
a treaty, who was sent away in an uncourtly manner. 

I have desired the Greek government to send me infor- 
mation concerning their receipts and expenditure, made out 
agreeably to the form Mr. Hume gave me, or to the budgets 
I procured in Switzerland. I have also desired them to send 
me a report on their military system, with returns of their 
different corps, the number of their men and officers, their 

v 



154 GREECE, IN 1323 AND 1824. 

pay and stations, &c. I have also requested Odysseus to 
furnish me with a plan for the ensuing campaign. [Vide 
Appendix, No. 34.] I have had the following conversation 
with Monsieur Negris, on the subject of the Holy Alliance. 
" I am of opinion," said I, " that Monsieur Gropius, the 
Austrian Consul, at Athens, is the person who gives infor- 
mation about Greece to the Holy Alliance !" " You are 
right," answered he ; " some time back he went to Smyrna, 
and on his return had a communication with Petrombey 
through an agent. Petrombey was told that the allied so- 
vereigns had just concluded a congress ; that peace had been 
restored between Russia and the Porte ; and that they now 
offered their mediation between the Greeks and the Turks. 
Petrombey was satisfied with the proposition, and recom- 
mended that M. Gropius should attend at the ensuing ge- 
neral assembly and make known the generous offer. As soon 
as this preliminary step had been taken, a similar proposi- 
tion was made by M. Gropius to General Odysseus. He 
consulted me on the subject, and under various pretences I 
delayed giving an answer for nearly a month. At the expi- 
ration of this period an evasive answer was returned, full of 
politeness, and concluding by expressing a hope that the 
cause of humanity and religion would soon be advanced by 
the capture of Negropont from the infidels. This negotia- 
tion took place about three months back." From the en- 
lightened policy which Mr. Canning appears to me (if at this 
distance one can judge) to have pursued towards Greece, 
it would, perhaps, be well that he should be informed on this 
subject. 

The congress has commenced. The members were freely 
chosen by the people of their respective prefectures. Be- 
sides these, the chiefs Odysseus, Pannuria, and Goorha were 
present. Negris proposed that the meeting should decide 
whether the government at Argos or that at Tripolitza was 
the real government. After a long discussion it was re- 
solved unanimously that the former was the government. 
The next question was this—- What are the best means of 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 155 

putting the constitution and the laws in force ? Monsieur 
Sophianopulo proposed that the people should be ordered 
to elect some military men ; that these deputies should pro- 
ceed first to Salona, and there receive written instructions 
how to act ; that they should then proceed to Argos, accom- 
panied by the captains and their troops, and "remain there 
till the Peloponnesians had sent out their quota of soldiers 
to the frontier. These infamous propositions met with no 
support. A priest from Zeitouni then proposed that the 
cantons should be solicited to elect one military man of ta- 
lent, and that the congress should draw up a statement 
showing the actual state of the country. Both these mea- 
sures were adopted. Here I must draw your attention to 
the important fact that this congress was called, and is at- 
tended by the military chiefs, and that it is pursuing none 
but constitutional measures. Negris and Odysseus have 
great merit. 

In spite of all obstacles, the civil government of Greece 
has made, and will still make, great progress during this 
year. Publicity has been established. The monarchical and 
aristocratical have given way to the democratical spirit. The 
military chiefs will be forced to bend to the people. The 
legislative body must soon begin to make known its acts and 
to take its high station. Meanwhile the loan will enable the 
government to support its authority and to act on the defen- 
sive during the ensuing campaign. When that is at an end, 
and the Turks have retired into their winter quarters, then 
will be the time for the friends of liberty to advance and 
conquer. 

I have just heard that the Golocotronis have surrendered 
Napoli and Tripolitza. [Vide Appendix, No. 35.] 

Yours, 

L. S, 



156 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

LETTER LXVII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Salona, 23th April, 1824. 
My dear B. 

I propose to present one of the lithographic presses 

to the Ipsariots, with the following letter: — 

" Brave Ipsariots, 

" Seamen have ever proved the firmest friends of 
liberty. You have nobly supported this character. You 
were among the first to resist oppression and to raise the 
standard of Greece. From the very commencement of the 
revolution you have sacrificed your property and your per- 
sons to promote the public good. You have stood foremost 
in the fight and have humbled the proud Turk. You have 
maintained your free constitution, and Ipsara is an example 
of its happy influence. For these reasons I have sent you 
a printing press, intrusted to my charge by the Greek Com- 
mittee of England. Accept it as a pledge of attachment 
from your brother islanders. Exercise it for the spreading 
of knowledge throughout the Archipelago. From know- 
ledge emanate power, wealth, freedom, happiness, and fame. 
May these blessings, brave Ipsariots, be the portion of your 
children — the sweet reward of your virtuous exertions and 
your honourable toils. 

" I am your most devoted servant, 

" L. S." 

From various quarters I learn that I am nominated one 
of the commissioners of the Greek loan. [Vide Appendix, 
Nos. 36, 37, 38.] I must ever feel proud of the confidence 
of the Committee i I am aware, however, that great respon- 
sibility is attached to that office, and as I am, from ill health, 
unable to remain in Greece during the hot weather, it would 
have been better to have deputed some other person as your 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 157 

agent in this business. However, as the lot has fallen on 
me, I shall act. I shall consider equally the interests both 
of the lenders and of the borrowers. The establishment of 
a strong and just government is what both the parties re- 
quire: unless this end is likely to be attained, I will not con- 
sent to deliver over the money. When the fortresses are 
in the hands of the government I shall consider that they 
are in a condition to fulfil their contract and to pay the in- 
terest of the money borrowed. 

Our congress goes on admirably : the questions that have 
been discussed are, 1st, Which is the lawful government, 
that of Tripolitza or that of Argos ? 2dly. What are the 
best means of putting the constitution and the laws in force ? 
3dly. The state of the nation ? 4thly. What are the military 
measures that should be adopted? 5thly. What are theifinan- 
cial measures that should be pursued ? Their proceedings 
will be all published and shall be forwarded to the Com- 
mittee. 

As soon as I have made the necessary arrangements with 
respect to the loan 1 shall start for England. My ambition 
would lead me to remain in Greece, but my health and affairs 
render my return indispensable. 

Yours, 

JLj. o? 



LETTER LXVIIL 
TO THE SAME. 

Salona, 30th April, 1824, 



Mv dear B. 

A great conflagration has taken place at Cairo, 
Houses, magazines, grain, ammunition, four thousand per- 
sons, the whole of the artillery-corps, and the nephew of 
Mahommed Ali, have been consumed. The sovereign, with 



158 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

his son, was without the walls of the town. Some pretend 
that the Pacha was privy to this act. Shortly previous to 
this dreadful fire a part of the city of Cairo was destroyed 
by a heavy fall of rain. Providence seems to favour the 
Greeks. 

The Turkish fleet consists of eleven ships from Tunis, the 
fleet of the Pacha of Egypt, now at Candia, &c. in all 
amounting to forty-five vessels, having on board 12,000 
troops, destined to act against the Peloponnesus. As the 
Pacha's irregular troops are chiefly cavalry, little can be ex- 
pected from them. 

A new prophet has sprung up at Mecca, and, having 
joined the Wahabees, has decided on attacking Ali Pacha, 
whose regular troops, with some other tribes, are also 
threatening rebellion. Perhaps Ali Pacha secretly foments 
these disorders, in order to excuse himself from the inva- 
sion of Greece. 

From Larissa we learn that about 15,000 Turks are there 
assembled. They, however, desert in Great numbers. The 
Turks have lately held a meeting at that place. This as- 
sembly has resolved to make every preparation for attack- 
ing Greece in two great divisions, the one moving on Athens, 
the other on Missolonghi. The invading armies have 
generally amounted to 60,000 men, and the Sultan pays 
about 200,000 for this undertaking. The Turks have agreed 
to offer terms of peace to the Greeks. " If," say they, " the 
Greeks require to be free — free they shall be." We shall 
soon learn what notion a Turkish assembly have of freedom. 

After a general review of the disjointed state of the Turk- 
ish empire and of the hostile preparations which they are 
making, I am of opinion that they are incapable of making 
any great impression on Greece during the ensuing cam- 
paign. If the English money shall arrive in time, their in- 
vasion may perhaps be altogether prevented. I am, how- 
ever, apprehensive that the Greek fleet cannot be in a state 
this season to meet their antagonists on the seas, or to at- 
tempt a general engagement. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 159 

A courier has just arrived from the chief Scalza. Alas ! 
all our fears are realized. The soul of Byron has taken its 
last flight. England has lost her brightest genius — Greece 
her noblest friend. To console them for the loss, he has 
left behind the emanations of his splendid mind. If Byron 
had faults, he had redeeming virtues too — he sacrificed his 
comfort, fortune, health, and life, to the cause of an op- 
pressed nation. Honoured be his memory ! Had I the 
disposal of his ashes I would place them in the Temple of 
Theseus or in the Parthenon at Athens. 

Yours, 

L. S. 
[Vide Appendix, Nos. 36, 37, 38, 39.] 



LETTER LXIX. 

TO THE PRESIDENT MAVROCORDATO. 

Salona, 1st May, 1824. 
Dear Sir, 

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of 
your letter of the 27th instant, relative to Lord Byron's con- 
tract with the government to pay the Suliots, and to the 
means of discharging the pay due them for past services. 
In reply I have only to state that I am entirely ignorant of 
the nature of Lord Byron's contract. I conceive that Lord 
Byron's trustees are bound in honour and in law to fulfil his 
Lordship's agreement up to the time of his death, at which 
period the men should be discharged. With respect to your 
drawing upon the trustees, and, if not paid by them, having 
the debt discharged by the British loan, that is a point that 
must be referred to the representatives of the nation for their 
decision. 

I must now beg leave to call your attention to the sub- 
ject of the laboratory-establishment at Missolonghi. This 



160 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

establishment, with all the workmen and stores therein, has 
already been placed under your protection by the agents of 
the Greek Committee : I therefore consider that you are re- 
sponsible to the representatives of the nation and to your 
government for the proper application and disposal of them. 
You speak to me about the necessity of union ; without it 
Greece and her liberties must be lost. To effect it, an al- 
liance must be established between those who represent the 
various parties, I mean those of the people, of the aristo- 
cracy, and of the military interests. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER LXX. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Salona, 3d May, 1824. 
My dear B. 

The following is a copy of my letter to Mr. Tre- 
lawny : — 

Salona, 1st May, 1824. 
" Dear Trelawny, 

" Thanks for your most interesting and able let- 
ters. You appear to have managed your mission in the 
most satisfactory manner. You recommend that some one 
should immediately proceed to Zante to give Napier an ho- 
nest and full account of the actual state of Greece, and you 
desire me to mention this to Odysseus. I have done so : 
we are both of opinion that this measure is absolutely ne- 
cessary, and we think that no one is so capable of doing am- 
ple justice to such an important mission as yourself: both 
of us, therefore, earnestly entreat of you to proceed instan- 
taneously to Zante, or Cephalonia, or wherever Napier may 
be. The first measure for Colonel Napier to adopt is to 



GREECE, IN 1823 AN*D 1824. ig t 

hold fast the money, and by no means to allow one shilling 
of it to be sent to any part of Greece till he is fully informed 
as to the state of its government. I have desired the go- 
vernment to send some well-informed commissioners to 
Zante to negotiate with us ; also to send us proper returns 
of their armies and fleets, and statements of their accounts, 
and of their means of paying the interest of the debt. 

" In about four days I shall proceed with Odysseus and 
the new representatives to Argos. It is his object to estab- 
lish a good government. From Argos I shall go to Zante 
or Cephalonia, and hope to reach one of those islands in 
about a fortnight. 

I am, &c. 

L. S. 
[Vide Appendix, Nos. 43, 44, 45.] 

Honours have been paid to Lord Byron's memory at Sa- 
lona. His soul was prayed for in the church. The whole 
garrison and people of the town then went out into the plain, 
where another religious ceremony took place, under the 
shade of the olive-trees. This being concluded, the troops 
fired ; and an oration, of which the following is a translation, 
was pronounced by the high priest : — 

" The enlightened foreigners, to wit, as many as unite to 
science the mild feelings of humanity, do not regard merely 
with pleasure the vast strides of Greece towards her rege- 
neration, (I mean in her efforts in the war,) and content 
themselves with wishing you from afar a happy consum- 
mation of it, but they immediately contribute towards this 
end, according to the extent of their several capacities ; nay, 
we behold many of them actually joining us in the struggle, 
and running the perilous course with us. One of these, 
who lately made his appearance, was Lord Byron, whom 
inexorable death would not allow to be severed from the 
disasters of the regions to which he had previously directed 
his steps, in order that he might make himself known to the 

x 



lt>2 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

several nations, and who, having united himself to us, had 
begun to render himself of importance to the Grecian weal, 
and worthy of the exalted rank to which he was raised by 
the laws of his own country. He would not refuse to an 
entire people the benefit of his virtues : he condescended to 
display them wherever humanity beckoned him to her aid. 
This single object of devotion to the well-being of a people 
has raised himself to a distinguished pitch of glory among 
characters dignified by their virtues, of which the illustrious 
British nation can make so ample a display, and of whom 
Greece hopes to behold many co-operating in her regenera- 
tion. Having here paid the tribute of admiration due to the 
virtues of Lord Byron, eternal may his memory remain 
with me and with the world, and more especially associated 
with Grecian retrospections." 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER LXXI. 



TO COUNT GAMBA, 



Salona, 3d May, 1824. 
Dear Count Gamba, 

Greece mourns the loss of her friend, Lord By- 
ron. Why deprive her of the consolation of having his re- 
mains left in the country where his muse pronounced her 
sweetest, finest lays, and where he has immortalized him- 
self as the champion of her rising liberties? If my counsel 
can have weight with you, it is that his ashes should be de- 
posited at Athens, in the temple of Theseus, now a Chris- 
tian church. Surely this wish is consonant with his former 
feelings, with those of his family, and of the people of Great 

Britain. 

I am, 

Your most devoted servant, 

JLf* Oo 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. ^3 

LETTER LXXII. 

TO JEREMY BENTHAM, ESQ. 

Salona, 4th May, 1824, 

My dear Mr. Bentham, 

You desired me to write to you. Pardon my hav- 
ing so long delayed complying with your commands. I have 
presented your most valuable manuscript to the representa- 
tives of the Greek people. They received it with expres- 
sions of deep-felt gratitude, and promised me that they 
would consult it as their wisest oracle, and act accordingly. 
Monsieur Negris, who is the ablest man in Greece, and 
professes wise principles of government, is labouring at a 
code of laws. He says, that in order to make it palatable 
to the people he must make them believe that it is framed 
after the model of the Byzantine code. I condemned this 
quackery, and told him to read Dumont. He then desired 
me to put him in correspondence with yourself. I promised 
to take this liberty, provided he would act up to your ad- 
vice. He consented, and I shall forward to you his letter. 
Were your code ready, it would, I think, be immediately 
adopted in Greece. Your works are known and admired 
here by the few who are educated. 

The state of Greece is not easily conveyed to the mind 
of a foreigner. The society is formed, 1st of the Primates, 
who lean to oligarchy, or Turkish principles of government; 
2dly, of the captains, who profess democratical notions, but 
who are, in reality, for power and plunder ; and lastly, of 
the people, who are irreproachable in character, and of 
course desire to have a proper weight in the constitution. 
The people of the Peloponnesus are much under the influ- 
ence of the civil and military oligarchies. Those of Eastern 
and Western Greece are chiefly under the captains. Of 
these Odysseus is the most influential. His father never 
bowed to the Turkish yoke ; he was a freeman and a robber. 



164 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1324. 

Odysseus himself was brought up by the famous tyrant AH 
Pacha. He is shrewd and ambitious, and has played the 
tyrant, but is now persuaded that the road to fame and 
wealth is by pursuing good government. He, therefore, 
follows this course, and supports the people and the republic. 
Negris, who once signed his sentence of death, is now his 
minister. Of the islands, Hydra and Spezia are under the 
influence of some rich oligarchs, supported by the rabble, 
and Ipsara is purely democratic. 

The parties may be said to be three, 1st, There is Mavro- 
cordato, the oligarchs of the islands, and some of those of 
the Peloponnesus, and the legislative body. These are for 
order and a mild despotism, either under a foreign king, or 
otherwise. This faction stood high, but must now change 
its principles or lose its power. 2dly, There is Colocotroni, 
and some of the captains, and some of the oligarchs of the 
Morea, who are for power and plunder. This party is go- 
ing down hill at a gallop. And, 3dly, there is Ipsilanti, 
Odysseus, Negris, and the mass who are now beginning to 
embrace republican notions, finding that they cannot other- 
wise maintain their power. 

Now the question is, which of these parties should an 
honest man embrace ? All have stumbled by endeavouring 
to hug the best of these factions. I have pursued another 
course, cautiously avoiding them all. I have loudly rated 
all for their vices, and as loudly praised them for their good 
acts. This for one who has no genius for political intrigue, 
tactics, or what is called diplomacy, is the safest course. It 
places a man of a plain mind on a level with and even above 
a high-flying politician of the Gentz or Metternich school. 

Greece and all the islands are tranquil, with the exception 
of two towns, namely Napoli, which is blockaded by the 
government, and Missolonghi, which is disturbed by a body 
of Suliots, who play the pretorians. 

Civilization and good government are gaining ground, 
chiefly through the means of publicity. There is a great 
fund of virtue in Greece, but it is monopolized by the 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 165 

peasantry. What is most wanted is a good representative 
body, some good prefects, good judges, and public writers. 
Two or three active and strong minded Englishmen might 
do incalculable good in Greece, for the people are anxious 
to improve. 

The war lingers, owing to the dissensions which prevail 
among the ruling few ; otherwise it might easily be put an 
end to with the assistance of the loan. Eastern and West- 
tern Greece may be defended with about 12,000 men. By 
taking one of the castles at the mouth of the Corinthian 
Gulf, and blockading Patras and Lepanto with 1,000 men 
each, these fortresses might be reduced. Negropont might 
also be taken by blockade. During these operations the 
people of Olympus should be encouraged to rise in rear of 
the Turkish armies. After a summer's defensive campaign, 
the Greeks should push on in the winter, and surprise 
and conquer. 

My principal exertions have been directed towards pro- 
moting education, publicity, union, and military exertion, 
and towards crushing the oligarchs, by giving power to the 
people and raising the character of their representatives. I 
confess that I am sanguine with respect to the ultimate suc- 
cess of the Greeks. I found this opinion on the virtuous 
character of the people, on the strength of their country, 
on their martial character and their being all armed, on the 
multiplicity of little chiefs, on the sudden rise and fall of 
their leaders, on the love they have for their ancestors, on 
the clashing interests of their enemies, and on their attach- 
ment to the elective franchise, annuality, universality, pub- 
licity, &c. 

Believe me ever, &c. 

L, S. 

P. S. I shall be in London in July next. ' 



166 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

LETTER LXXIII. 

TO THE EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT. 

Salona, 3d May, 1824. 
Excellent Sirs, 

I have this moment received orders to proceed to 

Zante, to receive the Greek loan, in company with Colonel 

Gordon, and to carry its conditions into effect. I request 

of you to send thither some able men as commissioners to 

treat upon the subject with the deputies from England. 

Our first duty will be to ascertain whether there are rea- 
sonable grounds to believe, that the Greek nation will be 
able to abide by her contract, by regularly paying the in- 
terest of the loan. Upon the deputies from England being 
satisfied upon this point, the delivery of the money depends. 
I think it highly necessary that you should give a careful 
statement of the present condition of Greece, as well as an 
exact account of the income and expenditure of the Govern- 
ment, both in the time of the Turkish administration and 
from the commencement of the insurrection until the pre- 
sent time. 

The system of taxation, which the government intends to 
adopt, must be explained, as well as the plan proposed for 
carrying on the war both by land and sea, and all expenses 
required, separately, for each division of soldiers and ves- 
sels. The English deputies must be informed whether a 
government will be established, which unites all military, 
political, and national benefits. If the chiefs of Greece will 
not lay aside their prejudices, their envy, and dissensions, 
and endeavour to form a wise and virtuous union of all par- 
ties, it will be impossible to establish in Greece a powerful 
and permanent government. They are wrong who think other- 
wise ; unless this be done, Greece must remain in a state of 
anarchy. 

By birth I am a stranger to Greece ; but as a man accus- 
tomed to hold dear the liberty and happiness of mankind, I 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. jg^ 

would, in my present circumstances, consider myself a 
Greek, and in that character, I would admonish you, that no 
other system than the one I have pointed out should be pur- 
sued. Should any other course be adopted, every Greek will 
repent, and repent in vain. 

Leicester Stanhope. 



LETTER LXXIV. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Calacrista, 7th May, 1824. 
My dear B. 

I send you a copy of my letter to the government, 

on the subject of the loan, and strongly recommending union 

among the chiefs. 

Acting upon the principles of this letter, I have advised, 
that Odysseus should be placed in the executive ; Ipsilanti, 
as president of the legislative body ; General Colliopulo, as 
minister of war ; and Negris, as ministre d'etat. This is a 
question upon which men may fairly differ, but upon which 
my mind is made up. The object of the measure is to break 
the force of contending factions, and to confound the traitors 
who are for a foreign king. 

Megaspolio is a curious convent. It is situated at the 
end of a magnificent valley, and backed by a lofty mass of 
rock. It was formerly the seat of the oracle of Apollo. 
The senior of the convent was civil and hospitable to us* 
He said he was ready to accept a king, or any system of go» 
vernment. I replied, that if Greece was doomed to have a 
foreign king, I hoped that he would not change their vener- 
able religion and convert them into catholics, protestants, or 
Jews. The interpreter and the priests all flinched. At the 
beginning of the revolution, 150 of the monks had turned 
out against the Turks, The superior told me that he and 



168 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

they were ready to take the field again when required. He 
said there were about 3000 clergy in the Morea. 

Zaimi is a great primate, and has charge of Calamata and 
other districts. He is a strong government man. I talked 
to him about the necessity of union and the impossibility of 
carrying on a war against their captains, factions, and the 
Turks, He called the former robbers. I told him that 
robbery and even murder in war were considered justifiable, 
and that it was by these means that the captains had kept 
up a martial spirit in the nation, which had rescued their 
groaning country from the Turks. That these vices must 
now be put down, by giving power to the people, which was 
to be effected by forming a militia, by placing them in a pos- 
ture of defence, by giving weight to the legislative body, and 
by publicity. I next attacked the foreign king faction, and 
said, they were worse than robbers, for treason was the worst 
of crimes. Zaimi said that the captains had driven the people 
mad, and that they now sought repose under foreign aid, 
and under a foreign monarch. I observed that this was na- 
tural. Their calculation was, however, erroneous. It was 
impossible that Greece should obtain repose under a foreign 
king. The first measure of a foreign king must be to em- 
body an extensive standing army. He must then endeavour 
to disarm the people and to put down the captains. He would 
take their fortresses, he would sweep their plains, but they 
would still remain masters of the mountains. To effect even 
this, he must be despotic ; he would have to guard his life; 
every part of his body, where a ball or a dagger could pene- 
trate, must be proof. He must be surrounded by foreign 
soldiers, for he could not trust to the passionate, the insub- 
ordinate, the capricious, and the patriotic Greeks. In short, 
the foreign king that would govern Greece must be a Sultan. 
His life would not be safe for one moment. He would live 
in pain and would not be allowed to escape. He would rise 
to be hailed, hooted, and destroyed. After a number of 
these exotic tyrants had been cut up, Greece would still be 
doomed to a dreadful despotism, and the people, if relieved 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 169 

from their captains, would be subjected to a worse fate. 
Zaimi said, that Colocotroni was a fallen man. He had re- 
tired to his home with only fifteen men. I contended that 
this was rather a proof of his power, and that no one dared 
to attack him. 

Londos, a member of the executive body, is just dead. 
Zaimi succeeds him, and he promises that he will act on 
principles of reconciliation. 

I am, yours, 

L. S, 



LETTER LXXV. I 



TO THE SAME. 

Gastouni, 11th May, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Sissini is the captain of this rich district and of the 
whole plain. His manners and habits, like those of all the 
oligarchs of the Morea, are Turkish. They are surrounded 
by useless people ; — by flatterers, harlots, soldiers, and ser- 
vants ; and by dirt, splendour, and misery. To counteract 
these vices and this effeminacy must be the work of time ; 
or rather the effect of education, through the medium of 
schools and publicity. I also look to the masculine habits 
of their soldiery, and to their connexion with European na- 
tions, through those Greeks who are educated abroad, and 
through the settlers and travellers who will flock among 
them, as means of their improvement. 

As usual, I have been honoured here with visits of cere- 
mony ; and as usual have at once entered upon matters of 
public interest. The war, the loan, the elections, the legis- 
lative body, the foreign king, and robber factions, the for- 
mation of an administration, and of a constitutional force, 
have been the principal subjects of our discourses. The 

Y 



ifO GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

siege of Patras is a topic of great interest here. The ques- 
tion is — How to take the fortress? The place is weak, but 
it will still be difficult for the Greeks to capture. It must 
be taken either by a siege, by shelling, by a blockade, or by 
treachery. By a siege, the Greeks cannot take it, because 
they have not the materials necessary, and their irregular 
troops are not disposed to storm a breach. The place is 
small and might be taken by shelling, but where are the 
mortars and shells? Some say at Navarria and at Napoli, 
but this requires confirmation. I shall press the govern- 
ment on this point. By blockade, Patras cannot well be 
taken, for unless the Greeks should have a numerical supe- 
riority of ships, however superior they might be in skill and 
valour, the neutral nations will not recognize the blockade. 
Could the Greeks even capture the Castles, and thus shut 
the straights against the Turks, the neutral nations might 
still contend for their right to pass, as long as the enemy's 
fleet was in the Corinthian gulf. In the hope, however, that 
they might admit this as an efficient blockade, I shall recom- 
mend the government to pursue this course. As to taking 
Patras by treachery, it is very improbable. 

I start for Zante to-morrow, and after having made all 
the necessary arrangements about the loan, I shall, if possi- 
ble, proceed to England. Your affairs will be conducted 
by Colonel Gordon and Captain Blaquiere, perhaps persons 
far better qualified than 

Your friend, 

L. S. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 171 

LETTER LXXVI. 

TO THE SAME. 

Zante, 12th May, 1824. 

My dear B. 

On my arrival at Zante, this morning, Sir F. Sto- 
ven put into my hands the following letter : — [Vide Appen- 
dix, No. 46.] 

I had two visits from Mr. BarfT in the course of the day. 
He told me that the agents could not act until a new com- 
mission had been appointed, because the commission was to 
consist of either Lord Byron, Colonel Gordon, and Condu- 
riotti, or else of Lord Byron, Conduriotti, and myself. I 
asked if he would not act if the responsibility was taken off 
his and Logotheti's shoulders, by persons either in Greece, 
or in the islands. He said, that persons in Greece could 
give no adequate security, and here he feared that the mo- 
ney could not be raised ; he promised, however, to give me 
his sentiments in writing. I desired him to keep the matter 
a profound secret, because the mere expectation of the loan 
had a wonder-working effect in Greece. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER LXXVII. 



TO THE SAME. 



Zante, 14th May, 1824. 
My dear B. 

1 have addressed the following letters to the Philo- 
Muse Society and to Constantino Bozzaris % 



172 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

« Zante, 14th May, 1824, 
" Gentlemen, 

44 In the name of the Greek Committee of England, 
I request of the Philo-Muse Society, at Athens, to send to 
London some virtuous and highly gifted man, for the pur- 
pose of his being instructed, at the Committee's expense, in 
the most improved systems of education ; and when he shall 
be duly qualified, returning to Greece, and forming schools 
on similar principles. 

" I am your friend, 

" L. S." 

" Zante, 14th May, 1824. 
u Constantino Bozzaris, 

" Bentham, the wisest of jurists, and the greatest 
of public benefactors, has directed me to send to England, 
for education at his expense, the son of that Greek whose 
father has rendered the most important services to the cause 
of your liberties. I call upon you, therefore, to send to this 
friend of Greece the son of Marco Bozzaris, 

" I am your friend, 



V 



JL*. o* 

I have also addressed the following letter to Coloco- 
troni : — 

" Zante, 13th May, 1824. 

" Dear General, 

" Bentham, the great civilian and philanthropist* 
has learnt from Capt. Blaquiere, that you have a clever son, 
whom you wish to have educated in England. He has, in 
consequence, directed me to offer to undertake the paternal 
superintendence of his studies. In the first instance, he de- 
sired me to defray all the expenses of your son's voyage 
and instruction ; but having since learnt that you are in 
affluent circumstances, he has instructed me to mention, that 
the whole expense of his education, &c. with the exception 
of his clothes, will amount to only fifty pounds yearly* 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824 173 

" The boy being sent to Zante, I will take him with me 
to England ; or, should I be gone before his arrival, he may 
be placed under Mr. S. Barff's charge, with the money ne- 
cessary to pay the expense of his voyage. He will then be 
sent under proper care to Mr. Bentham, and thence to a 
school, where he will be treated as well as if he were under 
the superintendance of his father and mother. 

" I am, 

" Your most devoted, 

"L. S." 

I was delighted at having it in my power to make such 
an offer to Colocotroni, because he is the best general in 
Greece, and his connexions consist of the most powerful fa- 
milies. The effect, therefore, will be excellent. It will 
tend to conciliate the factions, and to place the power of 
wealth under the guidance of knowledge, and, probably, of 
virtue. 

We are hourly expecting to receive a ratification of the 
loan. We expect, also, Conduriotti and the Greek Com- 
missioners, who will, I trust, be informed on all points con- 
nected with the loan, which, in fact, embrace nearly the 
whole field of government. Independent of the necessity 
of being duly apprised of the condition of Qreece, previous 
to opening your purse-strings, I think it of vast importance 
to drive and spur the lazy intellects of the Greek statesmen, 
and to force them to act. I wish we could let Mr. Joseph 
Hume loose at them. 

Having received no specific answer from MM. Logothetl 
and Barff, I shall address them as follows :-— 

" Zante, 14th May, 1824, 
" Gentlemen, 

" You having declared to me yesterday, that you 
should not render up any part of the Greek loan, unless 
agreeably to the strict letter of the contract and of your in- 
structions ; and the death of Lord Byron having invalidated 



174 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

the powers of the other commissioners, I have now to re- 
quest that you will give me a clear written answer upon this 
subject, in the course of this evening. 

u With respect to my duties, I am ready to act and to 
take upon myself all the responsibility of a commissioner. 

" I am, 

" Your most devoted servant, 

"L. S." 

I have just received an answer from Count Logotheti and 
Mr. BarfF. They refuse to issue the money, the death of 
Lord Byron having invalidated the commission. They found 
their decision on my statements. I, therefore, calculate on 
being, both in Greece and in England, duly burthened with 
odium. The fact is, however, as you may see by my former 
letters, that, until I reached Zante, I did not know that Lord 
Byron must necessarily form one of the commission. When 
that fact came to my knowledge, and I read of the battling 
you had had about the commissioners, I certainly could not 
expect that the agents would act under an imperfect com- 
mission. The committee, I know, would have wished me to 
act, and I was, therefore, ready to sanction, as far as de- 
pended on me, the issue of the money, after a full delibera- 
tion on the state of Greece, and the good intentions of its 
government. My opinion, however, is, and I should con- 
sider it cowardice, not prudence, to withhold it, that the 
money ought not at present to be issued. My reasons are, 
that the government is not sufficiently organized, and that 
the necessary measures have not as yet been taken for the 
proper appropriation of the money. By the time the new 
commission is appointed, every thing will be prepared, and 
they may act without loss of time. The argument, indeed, 
against this reasoning is strong. The Turks and Egyptians 
are at hand, and the money would settle the government, 
and give it the means of repelling the enemy. I am, how- 
ever, of opinion, that the expectation of the money is more 
likely to be the means of forming a coalesced administra- 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 175 

tion, the only one that can act efficiently; and, as for the 
Turks, I do not think that they can make a stronger impres- 
sion on Greece than they made last year. I think it of vast 
importance, that the committee should send out some able 
man to Greece : and I wish Mr. Hobhouse, Mr. Hume, Mr. 
Lambton, or another, whom I must not name, could be per- 
suaded nobly to sacrifice five or six months to this object. 

Sir F. Stoven having advised me to proceed home direct 
in the Florida, which is to take Lord Byron's remains to 
England, I have written to him to say, that I am ready to 
embark in that vessel. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER LXXVIII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Zante, 16th May, 1824. 

My dear B. 

The dangerous state of Lord Byron's health was 
long since communicated to you. The account of his death 
was sent from Corfu on the 27th April last. You were ap- 
prised of my intention to return home ; and must, long ere 
this, have heard of the command I had received to that effect 
from no less a personage than the King of England. Under 
all these circumstances I cannot doubt that you have ap- 
pointed a new commission. I much regret that you did not 
authorize any two of the commissioners to act as a quorum 
in case of necessity. 

I have always suspected that the metropolitan Ignatius 
was no friend to Grecian liberty, and that he was a mongrel 
of Turkish, Russian, and Greek breed. I have lately heard 
that he has been in correspondence with Mavrocordato about 
a foreign king. What can you expect from a Greek priest 
who has been patronised by Ali Pacha and by Russia, whose 



176 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

pensioner he is ? What, too, can you expect from one whom 
he sent to Greece, and patronises ? What, but that they 
will each play the republican or the slave, as circumstances 
may require or ambition dictate. 

Now that the parties in the Morea are nominally united, 
I shall endeavour to put my post in motion. Captain Bla- 
quiere came out with the loan contract in nineteen days from 
England to Zante. He sent it off with all despatch to Argos, 
and eighteen days elapsed before he received his answer. 
This will prove to you how much a post is wanted. 

Dr. Millingen, out of humanity, had taken a Turkish wo- 
man and her daughter into his service. Lord Byron took a 
fancy to the child and ordered her to be conveyed to Eng- 
land : and, if Lady Byron would not receive her as the as- 
sociate of his Ada, she was to be educated in Italy: he had, 
in fact, resolved to adopt her as his child. She had reached 
Zante when the husband of the woman, hearing of their ar- 
rival there, demanded their restitution. Sir F. Stoven, 
dreading the destruction of the mother, recommended her to 
remain, but she refused ; they got into a boat and were taken 
on board the Turkish ship. Some one asked the person who 
came for the woman whether she had any thing to fear; he 
said no, but that the Englishman who had taken her might 
not be so fortunate if he fell into Turkish hands. 

I shall address the following letter to Hodges : — 

Zante, 16th May, 1824. 

Dear Hodges, 

I have desired Mr. BarfF to place in your hands 
184 dollars, for the payment of the artillery corps, from the 
12th of June to the 12th of July, 1824 ; also six dollars for 
the pay of Captain Hutzelberg during the said period. 

Previous to the lapse of this time the Greek government 

will, I expect, take the company into their pay. 

I am most sincerely vours, 

L. S. 

P. S. — This money will be charged to the Committee's 

account. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 177 

Should the Committee disapprove of this or any other 
charge made by me I shall immediately refund the amount. 

Yours, 

L. S, 



LETTER LXXIX. 

TO SIR FREDERICK ADAM, &c. &c. &c. 

Zante, 14th May, 1824. 
Sir, 

I have received your letter of the 27th of April 
last, with its enclosure from the Adjutant-General's office, 
directing me to proceed to England forthwith, by way of 
Corfu. I should have immediately attended to this order 
but that Sir F. Stoven requested of me to proceed hence in 
the Florida, in charge of Lord Byron's remains, to which I 
consented. 

I have the honour, &c. 

L.S, 



LETTER LXXX. 

TO MR. HODGES. 

Zante, May 18, 1824„ 
Dear Hodges, 

I beg of you to deliver over to Captain Trelawny's 
charge one howitzer and three three-pounders, with car- 
tridges and every thing complete for field-service. These 
guns and this ammunition he will place in the custody of 
General Odysseus during the pleasure of the general go- 
vernment of Greece. You will also be pleased to deliver 
to Captain Trelawny a spy-glass and a map of Greece for 
General Odysseus. Unless Mr. Gill's presence is necessary 



178 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

or useful at Missolonghi, of which he must be the best 
judge, I wish him to proceed to Athens, with Captain Tre- 
lawny. He will take such working- tools with him as he 
may consider necessary. 

I have ordered Parry to proceed forthwith to Misso- 
longhi. He has given me an evasive answer. I construe 
it to mean that he will not obey the order ; I, therefore, re- 
quest of you and Mr. Gill to take charge of the laboratory. 

I have called on Mr. Parry to account for the various 
sums of the Committee's money which he has expended. 
His answers are not satisfactory. I have, therefore, to re- 
quire of you to hold fast all of the Committee's money, and 
by no means to let it pass into Mr. Parry's hands, unless on 
the authority of Colonel Gordon, or some duly-qualified 
person. 

I am yours, &c. 

L. S. 



LETTER LXXXI. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Zante, 19th May, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Before I quitted Greece I thought it would be 
right to bid the Greeks a courteous adieu. I have there- 
fore, addressed them as follows : 

" Greeks, 

" The king, my sovereign, has commanded me 
immediately to return to England. I obey the royal man- 
date ; but friendship requires some parting words, before I 
bid you a last farewell. 

" Your great ancestors, owing to their mutual jealousies 
and disunion, lost their liberties. Succeeding generations 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 179 

contemplated their glory with pleasure, and mourned their 
fall. Europe and America have been blessed by their 
lights ; while their unhappy descendants have been doomed 
to eke out their long days in slavery and pain. At last their 
measure of misery being full, they made a desperate start, 
rent their bonds asunder, and are free. Experience, then, 
and long suffering, have taught you the ills that arise from 
disunion ; and will you again, noble Greeks, plunge your- 
selves into a sea of troubles ? 

" Your common cry is for money. Money, you say, will 
secure to you victory and independence. How came it then, 
that your forefathers routed the Persians, and you the Turks, 
who were so much richer, and so superior in numbers ? It 
was because the Persians and the Turks were corrupted by 
luxury and absolute rule, while the Greeks were poor and 
free. It is false then to say, that gold or that iron are the 
sinews of war. These are but the accessories ; the sinews 
of war are stout hearts influenced by wise leaders, and the 
virtuous representatives of a free nation. 

" Much is deservedly said against factions. By factions 
I mean not the party in, nor the party out of administration, 
but any party who pursue their own interests to the injury 
of the people. Such are the traitors who are for a foreign 
king ; who, to disarm the people, to destroy the captains, to 
keep the nation in awe, and to preserve his unnatural power, 
must be a tyrant. And such are the primates and the military 
leaders, who extort and plunder to satisfy their avarice, 
their lust, and their ambition. The way to confound these 
traitors and to put down these depredators is, by organiz- 
ing a militia ; by giving power to the people, who are vir- 
tuous and deserve to be free ; and by giving importance to 
their representatives, who have hitherto been doomed to 
waste their talents and patriotism in obscurity, owing chiefly 
to their debates not having been published. 

" I am, ever while you remain free, 

" Your most devoted servant, 

" L. S." 



180 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 182 i 



LETTER LXXXII. 

TO THE SAME. 

Zante, 20th, May, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Our worthy countrymen in Greece are always 
ready to render themselves useful to the cause in which 
they are engaged. My friend, Capt. Humphreys, has just 
offered to proceed to the seat of government. I seized his 
offer, and shall give him the following instructions, chiefly 
concerning the loan ; — • 

" Zante, 20th May, 1824. 
" Dear Humphreys, 

u I accept, with thankfulness, your offer to proceed 

to the seat of the Greek government. I know that your 

zeal is quicker than my pen, and that you will be ready 

before these instructions. 

" The principal object of your mission is, to prepare 
every thing for the ensuing campaign; to obtain such in- 
formation connected with the loan, as will enable the com- 
missioners to act on their arrival in Greece ; and to endeavour 
to persuade the people and the government to put the con- 
stitution of the Greek republic in force. It is impossible 
for me, in a moment, to range over this wide field, I shall, 
however, give you some hints to act upon. 

" 1. I wish you to read over your plan for the ensuing 
campaign to the executive and legislative bodies, and to 
have every article of it well debated. This done, be pleased 
to call upon the government for their sentiments on this vital 
question. 

" 2. Desire the government to give you an estimate of 
the expense of their military and naval forces, for the year 
1824. 

" 3. Request of the government to state, what part of 
the loan they propose to devote to the above purpose. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 181 

" 4. Point out to the government the necessity of adher- 
ing to the law they have passed, prohibiting the payment of 
old debts from the loan. 

" 5. Press upon the government the necessity of getting 
the revenues of the state placed in the public coffers. 

" 6. Speak to the government about passing a law to 
make sovereigns current. Inquire of them, if they would 
wish money to be stamped for them in England, and if so, 
request of them to send instructions on that head to their 
commissioners. 

" 7. Tell the government, that I have been peremptorily 
ordered home by the king of England, and that, finding I 
could not act as a commissioner, owing to the death of Lord 
Byron, which had invalidated the commission, I have imme- 
diately obeyed the royal mandate. 

" 8. Recommend the government to keep the above in- 
formation a profound secret, because a knowledge of the 
fact would be injurious to the public interest. 

" 9. Request of the government to state, in writing, how 
they propose to pay the interest of the debt. On their 
punctuality in paying the dividends will depend the charac- 
ter and credit of the nation. 

" 10. Solicit the government immediately to appoint three 
commissioners, to give information relative to the loan. 
This body should have ' la faculte de proposer et de raison- 
ner, et avec communication de tout ce qui compose le sujet 
de la deliberation sans determiner.' 

"11. Advise the government to employ a clever military 
officer, near the seat of administration, to give them in- 
formation and counsel in military affairs. Also, to form a 
corps of 300 artillery-men, for the attack and defence of 
fortresses, and another of 1,000 regular troops, to be quar- 
tered at the seat of government. 

" 12. Desire the government to inform you in detail, what 
they require for the sieges of Patras, Negropont, Lepanto, 
&c. Recommend them to send round Baron Oilman or 
Lieut. Kindermann to the fortresses, to make a report on 



182 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

their condition, how they are provisioned, and what cannon, 
mortars, powder, shot, shells, &c. they possess. 

u 13. Speak to the government about Missolonghi. Im- 
press upon their minds the necessity of giving the Suliots 
a home, — of providing for the widows and orphans of those 
who have fallen in the good fight, — of giving assurance, 
that their arrears shall be hereafter paid, and of furnishing 
them with regular pay for the future. Unless the govern- 
ment adopt this measure, they had better at once turn this 
treacherous enemy out of their camp, and declare war 
against them. 

" 14. Urge the government to endeavour to create dis- 
sensions among the Turks, the Egyptians, the Albanians, 
&c. Let them publish a list of all the wrongs and oppres- 
sions which these people suffer under Turkish dominion, 
and then call upon them to state whether it is for the pre- 
servation of such curses that they are to risk their heads 
and their fortunes. 

"15. Call to the attention of the government the plan of 
Captain Hastings for a steam-boat. Tell them that it would 
prove eminently useful in frightening away the Turks from 
the blockade of the Corinthian gulf, of the fortresses in 
Negropont, &c. 

" 16. Explain Captain Trelawny's plan to the government. 
Let them endeavour to get some English or American Pri- 
vateers, to harass the Turkish ships and their coasts. To 
this end they must appoint some naval port for the fitting 
out of such vessels, a cash-market for the disposal of prizes, 
bounty-money for ships that are destroyed, head-money for 
prisoners taken, and an admiralty court. The government 
should address Mr. Roscoe, of Liverpool ; Mr. Eckford, of 
New York ; and Mr. Godwin, of Baltimore, on this sub- 
ject, and send commissions to them empowering them to 
act without delay. The government must endeavour to 
prevent all piracies. They cost the state dear and throw 
odium on it. 

" 17. Demonstrate to the legislative body the necessity 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 183 

of their assuming a high station in the republic, and recom- 
mend them to have their proceedings published. 

" 18. Desire the government to send to Athens for the 
lithographic press, the moment some one is instructed by 
Mr. Gropius or Gill, in the art of printing with it. 

" 19. Tell the government and the legislative body that I 
am ready to establish my post immediately, and that Dr. 
Marcies is to conduct it. No delays on this head. Marcies 
will be at the seat of government in a fortnight. 

" 20. Declaim boldly before the legislative and executive 
bodies against the traitors who, while they profess to be ' les 
Amis des LoixJ are slily plotting against the republic. I 
allude to those who are conspiring in the dark to place a fo- 
reign king over the Greek people. 

" 21. Prove to the representatives of the commonwealth, 
the necessity of coalescing and forming an administration, 
comprising all the various interests of the state. Urge them 
to act on the principles of the constitution, and of the great- 
est good of the greatest number. 

" 22. Desire the government to instruct the editors of 
papers to send their sheets to all the prefects. The govern- 
ment should pay the prime cost of the said papers — say one 
dollar a year for each paper sent to each prefect. Desire the 
government also to solicit the editors to declaim against all 
extortion and intrigue, and against the violators of the laws 
and of the constitution. 

" 23. Advise the government to send Kalergy and Mr. 
Finlay on a mission to America. 

" 24. Inquire of the government what measures they pro- 
pose to pursue with regard to the laboratory. 

" 25. Demand of the government what part of the stores 
brought out in the Florida they require. 

" 26. Obtain a plain and satisfactory answer to each of 

these questions, and take it down in writing. Then forward 

one copy to the Committee and another to Col. Gordon." 

Success to you, and believe me, 

Yours, 



184 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

LETTER LXXXIII. 

TO PRINCE MAVROCORDATO. 

Zante, May 20th, 1824. 

My dear Sir, 

My cordial thanks are due to you for your kind let- 
ter. [Vide Appendix, No. 47.] 

I request your sanction for the delivery of 3 three-pound- 
ers, and one howitzer, with the necessary ammunition to Ge- 
neral Odysseus ; likewise of a map of Greece. Captain 
Trelawny will take charge of these articles. 

I am anxious to see your letter which appeared in the 
Greek Chronicle, and was alluded to in your last communi- 
cation. My political opinions may be expressed in two 
words. I am for your constitution. Every man and mea- 
sure that leads to that object I embrace. Every man and 
measure that has a tendency, either directly and manfully, 
or indirectly and by intrigue, to counteract the constitution, 
I condemn, and endeavour, by all possible means, to thwart. 
Among these bad men, the most odious and black-hearted 
are those who are intriguing in the dark to saddle on the 
Greek people a foreign king. 

I am, &c. 

L. S. 

[Vide Appendix, No. 48.] 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. |g# 

LETTER LXXXIV. 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ. 

Zante, 22d May, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Should Captain Trelawny convey the four guns 
from Missolonghi to Athens, I have directed Mr. Barff to 
pay him fifty dollars, and to place the charge to the Com- 
mittee's account. 

The Egyptian expedition is, they say, to be commanded 
by the Pacha's son. It js destined against the Morea, and 
Mahommed Ali is to retain that country, if he succeed in 
conquering it. The troops are to land at Modon and Co- 
ron ; 10,000 men are to march on Tripolitza, and 10,000 on 
Patras. The latter division may easily sweep the plains, 
The Pacha already possesses Cyprus and Crete. 

Mavromichaeli and Niketas have joined the government. 
Colocotroni held out till the people of Caritena, his own 
district, obliged him to follow the example. [Vide Appen- 
dix, No. 49.] The spirit of the people, which is in every 
government what is most important, begins to operate effec^ 
tually. I attribute this to publicity. 

Zante, 24th May, 1824. 

On the 23d May Mr. Parry read over to me a report, stat- 
ing the services he had rendered to Greece at Missolonghi, 
Towards the end of his lecture Count Gamba and Mr. 
Hesketh came into the room. I then desired him to pro^ 
ceed to Missolonghi. He refused, saying he had no means 
of carrying on the public service, and should wait Colonel 
Gordon's arrival. He continued swaggering and bluster- 
ing till I told him that I had nothing more to say to him 
since he had disobeyed my orders. 

Captain Blaquiere expects the Committee will send a ves- 
sel hither. At Gailexidi they will build a corsair, with a 

A a 



186 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

nine-pounder at each end, two moveable masts with sails v 
and sixteen oars, for one hundred pounds. 

Blaquiere has been with me this morning. He is dread- 
fully alarmed. He has had a moving letter from Mavro- 
cordato. The Turkish fleet is out. The fortresses in 
Negropont are relieved. The Egyptians and Ottomans 
are coming on, and the loan is all in BarfPs counting- 
house. My opinion is known to you. The Turkish fleet, 
when collected, is always master at sea. Their fortresses 
will, therefore, be relieved, their troops will effect their 
landings and succeed in their first efforts, but with the win- 
ter comes the ebb : then is the time for the Greeks to com- 
mence their blockades and sieges, and to march. Judge 
from experience which is right, B. or I. Remember there 
are 150,000 armed men in the Morea. 

I am, yours, 

L. S. 



LETTER LXXXV. 

TO THE SAME. 

On board the Florida, 2d June, 1824. 
My dear B. 

Before I close my correspondence with you on 
the subject of my proceedings in Greece, I must give you a 
statement of the disbursements which I have made in fa- 
vour of the Greek cause, as well in behalf of the Committee 
as on my own account : — 

Subscriptions on my own account. 

To fourteen refugee Greeks conveyed from An- £, s. d< 
cona to Cephalonia - - - -700 

To the formation and support of a Greek artillery 

corps * * * * -- - 100 O 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 187 

To a courier for circulating the Prospectus of the £ s. d. 
Greek Chronicle 200 

Loan of £100 to Mavrocordato, on account of 
the Greek fleet. This money was repaid. 

Passage for presses, medicines^ &c. fromMisso- 

longhi to Cranidi - - * - -500 

Paid Lieutenant Klempe for going from Athens 
to Napoli to get Colocotroni to restore the 
Committee's stores - ■= «- 2 

Paid to a Greek courier for the same object - 3 

Paid to Lieutenant Klempe for going from 
Athens to Missolonghi, and returning with 
a lithographic press, &c. - - -700 

Paid to Lieutenant Klempe to instruct the art of 

lithography - - - - - -400 

Paid to Jacobi, ditto ditto - 5 

Paid for conveying presses, medicines, &c. from 

Napoli to iEgina £00 

To Dr. Tindall for a dispensary at Athens when 
established ------ 

To Dr. Meyer for the Greek Telegraph - 

To ditto Greek Chronicle 

To the Editor of the Athens Free Press 

To the Editor of the " Ami des Loix" - 

To the Editor of the Ipsara Gazette when pub- 
lished - - ----- 

To the Philo-Muse Society at Athens, 

To the Lancasterian School at Athens 

To the Lancasterian School at Missolonghi, 

when established - - - - -10 00 

Towards the expenses of a Post, when estab- 
lished - - - - - - -50 00 

To paper for printing the Greek Constitution 10 O 

Subscribed by me to the Greek cause - £497 



20 








30 








60 








70 








20 








50 


O 





20 








20 









188 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 

You may see, by my furnishing you with the above ac- 
count, that I do not good by stealth, but that, on the con- 
trary, I take pleasure in making it known* 

Disbursements made by me on behalf of the Greek 
Committee. 

To Dr. Meyer For the Greek Telegraph 

To ditto Greek Chronicle 

To the Editor of the Athens Free Press 

To the Lancasterian School at Athens 

To the Editor of the Ipsara paper, if published 

To Captain Trelawney for conveying four guns, 

&c. to Athens, 50 dollars - - - 10 O O 

To the payment of the Artillery corps from the 
12th of June to the 12th of July, 190 dol- 
lars - - - - - - -38 00 



£ 


s. 


d. 


30 








30 








30 








20 








30 









Total, £188 O O 



In addition to these sums I have also desired the Philcv- 
Muse Society at Athens to select and send to England some 
highly gifted person, for the purpose of being instructed, at 
the Committee's expense, in the most improved systems of 
education, and conveying back to and spreading in Greece 
this knowledge. 

I must now beg of you to return my thanks to the Com- 
mittee for having placed such large funds at my disposal. 
[Vide Appendix, No. 50.] Had I been earlier honoured 
with their commands on this subject, I should have expend- 
ed to a larger amount. For all sums disbursed on behalf 
of the Committee I consider myself entirely responsible, 
and am ready to refund them if not fully approved by their 
superior judgment. 

I am yours, 

L.S 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824, 189 

LETTER LXXXVI. 

TO THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL, 81c. 

Downs, on board the Florida, 29th June, 1824, 

Sir, 

On my arrival at Zante, on the 12th May, 1824, 
from the Peloponnesus, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir F. Stoven 
put into my hands a letter frn>m the Deputy- Adjutant-Gene- 
ral of the 19th of March last. By this communication it 
appeared that the King of England had cancelled the leave 
of absence granted to me ; and that His Royal Highness the 
Commander-in-Chief had commanded me to proceed home 
by way of Corfu without delay, under pain of His Majesty's 
severest displeasure. 

After perusing the Deputy- Adjutant-General's letter, Sir 
F. Stoven recommended me to go home in the Florida. I 
reminded him that my order was to proceed by way of 
Corfu. He overruled the objection, saying that I should 
act up to the spirit of the order, and he would take upon 
himself the responsibility. I thought his advice good» 
Two days after my arrival at Zante I reported myself ready 
to start in the Florida. I then did all in my power to has- 
ten her departure, and embarked before she was ready to 
sail. 

On the 25th of May last the Florida got under weigh for 
England, and I have the honour to acquaint you, for the in- 
formation of His Royal Highness the Commander-in-Chief, 
that I reached the Downs this night. 

This explanation will, I hope, prove to the Duke of York 
how eager I was to obey the King's mandate, and how pain- 
ful was to me the threat of his Majesty's severe displeasure. 

However badly I may have been represented, permit me 
to assure you that the first desire of my heart has ever been., 



190 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

in Greece as elsewhere, to deserve the esteem of mankind, 
my country, and my King. 

I have the honour to be, Sir, 

Your most humble servant, 

[Vide Appendix, No. 51.} 



LETTER LXXXVIL 

TO J. BOWRING, ESQ, 

On board the Florida, 29th June, 1824. 
M dear B. 

The under-written letter is addressed to Lord Byron's 
executors. I pray you to send copies of it to the Hon. 
Douglas Kinnaird and to Mr. J. C. Hobhouse. 

TO THE LATE LORD BYRON'S EXECUTORS. 

" Downs, off Deal, Florida, 29th June, 1824 

M Dear Sirs, 

" The death of your friend Byron occasioned a shock 
that was felt by every heart in Greece. There, moved by 
early recollections, and surrounded by classic scenery, the 
poet's faculties expanded, — his genius glowed, and he wrote 
like one impassioned and inspired ; there, too, with electric 
sparks, he had roused the dormant spirit of freedom, and 
had sacrificed to her his comforts, his fortune, and his life. 

" After so glorious a course had terminated in death, it 
was good — it was just for Greece to mourn for Byron, and 
to confer honours on his memory. All this took place. Fu- 
neral rites and orations were pronounced, and Athens and 
Missolonghi contended for the honour of having his remains 
deposited in the land where he had flourished and sunk. 
Many, even of Lord Byron's countrymen, thought that his 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 191 

body should be placed in the temple of Theseus. Ulysses 
was also of this opinion, and desired me to forward a letter, 
by express, to Missolonghi, soliciting his ashes. I did so; 
but the body had then reached Zante, and it was determined 
that it should be sent to England for public burial, either in 
Westminster Abbey or in St. Paul's. 

" On my arrival at Zante, I was requested by the gover- 
nor and others, to take under my care the remains of Lord 
Byron and his papers, and to accompany them in the Florida 
to England. I accepted the charge, and have reached the 
Downs. 

" The executors of Lord Byron will now be pleased to 
make arrangements for the interment of his body, and for 
the reception and examination of his papers. 

*' With respect to the funeral ceremony, I am of opinion 
that Lord Byron's family should be immediately consulted; 
that sanction should be obtained for the public burial of his 
body, either in the great Abbey or Cathedral of London ; 
that the state barges should be sent down the river to receive 
the corpse, the principal mourners, and bands for the per- 
formance of sacred music ; and that the aquatic procession 
should pass on to Westminster-Bridge. There a hearse 
should be in readiness to convey the body to its last place of 
repose. 

" Britons, who cherish genius and who love liberty, will, 
I doubt not, crowd to the banks of the Thames, and to her 
majestic bridges, to behold the passing scene, and to sigh 
For the mighty dead. 

" I am, 

" Most faithfully, yours, 

L. S. 

A coffin of lead and one of wood will be required to put 
the body into. I think the funeral apparatus cannot be too 
plain, or the crowd too great. This, to my taste, would 
constitute true grandeur. The late Lord Byron's physician, 
his nraitre d'hotel, valet, groom, and courier, are on board 
the Florida. 



192 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824 

Should you have any remittance of the loan to send out, 
you cannot do better than to foward it by the Florida. The 
captain and his ship are both excellent. 

Yours, 

L. S. 

Creek, Florida, 31st June, 1824. 
P. S. We have just reached the Creek. To-morrow morn- 
ing we hope to be released from quarantine ; that night I 
shall be in London, and the next morning in your counting- 
house. 

I hope you have made the necessary arrangements for the 
late Lord Byron's funeral. 

I shall, this evening, draw a sketch of the state of Greece. 
It will be but a sketch. However, you must take the will 
for the deed. 

Yours, 

L. S. 



COLONEL STANHOPE'S REPORT 



ON THE 



STATE OF GREECE, 



Extract of a Letter from the Hon. Col, Stanhope to J. Bow- 

ring, Esq. 

In order to understand the policy of Greece, it is neces- 
sary to contemplate the state of the Ottoman empire, and 
the views of Russia, and the Holy Alliance. 

Turkey — Is evidently on the eve of its fall. The reign- 
ing family is nearly extinct. Its provinces are disunited- 
Egypt and Tripoli are grown too wise for its government 
A portion of Greece is severed from it for ever, and the 
Hellenists who still bow to the power of Turkey, hate it in 
their hearts, and pant for revenge and freedom. Even Al- 
bania detests, and threatens to throw off, its hateful yoke. 
The Ottoman armies are insubordinate, and the fleets, hav- 
ing lost their Greek sailors, are become impotent, 

Russia.— In this state of tottering decrepitude, Turkey 
is threatened by the brawny and disciplined legions of Rus- 
sia, and the swarms of Persia. While, on the other hand, 
she is bolstered up by those nations who are alarmed at the 
ambition and strength of the northern barbarians. 

b b 



194 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

Holy Alliance. — As for the Holy Alliance, their views 
are known. This corporation of tyrants has combined to 
support superstition, to crush all learning, and to ensure a 
dark futurity, for the purpose of preserving to themselves 
and their progeny absolute rule. Austria and France have, 
therefore, become the allies of the barbarians, and have 
formed a league against civilization and the rights of men. 
If their policy succeed, they will naturally fall a prey to Rus- 
sia, the state they have thoughtlessly contributed to aggran- 
dize : or should it fail, instead of being satisfied to reign as 
virtuous and powerful magistrates, these sovereigns will be 
humbled, and must bow to the people. The Holy Alliance 
having decided in the councils of their gloomy cabinet, that 
all nations should be governed despotically, their inten- 
tions towards Greece are known. Some may derive conso- 
lation, from a consideration of the superior character of 
European to Asiatic despotism. Towards the upper class 
it is perhaps milder. The lower orders and the soldiery in 
Turkey, are, however, less enslaved and better off than the 
boors and mercenaries of Russia. 

Policy of Greece. — How is the policy of Russia and 
the Holy Alliance to be parried by Greece ? It cannot be 
affected by any by-course ; for wily as the Greeks are, the 
spies, the priests, and the diplomatists of the barbaric league, 
are their match, and will not allow them to make their ap- 
proaches under ground to the citadel of freedom. With 
courage, therefore, they must advance, but cautiously, and 
without giving offence. Meanwhile, let them lay the solid 
foundations of their rights, and court the friendship of Eng- 
land, of America, and of all who love virtue. Whatever 
may then be the fate of the Greek people, whether dependent 
or independent, whether republican or monarchical, they 
will have the best means for promoting their liberties and 
their happiness. 

The public departments in Greece next claim your con- 
sideration. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 195 

The Executive Body has hitherto been composed of 
men of various characters. At one time influenced by Mav- 
rocordato, when the Primates, the Fanariots, and the foreign 
interests, predominated. The leading features of the go- 
vernment were then order, and some say intrigue. At an- 
other time Colocotroni obtained, by his martial fame, his 
riches, and his extensive family connections, an ascendancy; 
then prevailed the military power, united at first with the 
democratic, but afterwards with oligharchical, interests ; 
and, lastly, a sort of league was formed to put down the 
plunderers. Conduriotti was placed at the head of this ad- 
ministration, and the islands assumed their due weight. 
The Executive Body has hitherto exercised a degree of 
power that is inconsistent with republican government. 
The principles of a wild liberty have all along prevailed in 
Greece, but those of civil liberty are only beginning to 
be duly appreciated and followed. The depredations of 
the military chiefs and oligarchs have brought home to the 
bosoms of the peasantry the blessings of order and of secu- 
rity for person and property. They begin with arms in 
their hands to defend their lands and purses ; and they look 
to their representatives for the proper appropriation of their 
revenues, and the general direction of their armies and 
fleets. 

The Legislative Body is composed of persons se- 
lected by the civil and military oligarchs and the people. 
They naturally lean to the interests of their electors. They 
are respectable in character, but, like most other public 
functionaries in Greece, are deficient in intellectual aptitude, 
and have but little knowledge of business. They are friends 
to order, and enemies to all extortion, and are careful of the 
people's money. Nothing could exceed the firmness and 
dignity of their conduct when attacked by the emissaries of 
Colocotroni. To raise the character of this body is an object 
of primary importance. This is to be effected by making the 
people take a strong interest in the elections; by pointing 
out to them able men for their representatives ; by select- 



196 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

ing some important person for their president, and by giv- 
ing publicity to their proceedings. My exertions have been 
directed to these ends. 

Ministers. — Mavrocordato, Negri, Coletti, and others 
of the ablest Greeks, have filled the office of ministers. 
When I reached Argos, no minister, except one for the in- 
terior, a priest, had been appointed. I ventured strongly to 
animadvert on this neglect, especially at a time when every 
arrangement was to be made for the appropriation of the 
loan, and the defence of the country. 

Administration of Justice. — The Byzantine and 
parts of the Napoleon codes prevail in Greece. Neither 
are, however, much attended to, and the administration of 
justice is in its lowest state. Perhaps this is an advantage 
to Greece. She has no lawyer- tribe to teaze, impoverish, and 
enslave her to the end of time; she has no old prejudices 
and sacred mountains of parchment to get rid of j and she 
is ready to accept the best code of laws that can be offered. 
Can she hesitate in accepting one founded on the scrutiniz- 
ing principles of Bacon, and supported at every step by rea- 
sons, the soundness of which are almost mathematically de- 
monstrated ? 

Police. — The police is best supported by the military 
chiefs, especially at Athens. With the exception of the town 
of Missolonghi, personal security prevails to a much greater 
degree than under the Turkish government. Assassinations 
are extremely rare. Travellers move about with great 
safety. 

Prefects. — This is a government of Prefects. Under 
newly-formed states, it is absolutely necessary that strong 
power should be vested in certain persons, in every district, 
and that they should be made responsible for the constitu- 
tional exercise of it. Unless these local authorities are estab- 
lished, whatever the vigour of the central control, the dis- 
tant provinces fall a prey to some despot, or to anarchy. 
In Greece, the Prefects are ill selected. Instead of having 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 197 

a leading influence in their districts, they are generally the 
tools of the principal Primates or Captains. 

The Primates — are addicted to Turkish habits and prin- 
ciples of government. In the Morea they have great in- 
fluence. In Eastern and Western Greece, that of the Cap- 
tains predominates. Hydra is ruled by the Primates, who 
are under the dominion of the maritime mob. The govern- 
ment of Spetzia is somewhat similar, but Ipsara is influenced 
by constitutional maxims. The other islands are under mild 
administrators. 

State of the Greek Church. — The ceremonies of the 
Greek church are tawdry and irrational. The priests, though 
they possess considerable influence, do not appear to have 
the same preponderating sway over their flocks that is exer- 
cised in some catholic countries. This may be attributed 
to their poverty and to the counteraction of the Mahomme- 
dan religion. Where toleration and a variety of religions 
prevail, there the power of the priests must be subdued, ex- 
cept within the pale of the established state creed- The 
Greek priests were greatly instrumental in bringing about 
the glorious revolution. They traversed the country, and 
enlisted their votaries in the honourable plot ; they fought 
in the ranks of the noble insurgents, and many of them are 
permanently engaged as soldiers, and some as captains. 
During the period of their military service, they are sus- 
pended from the exercise of their ecclesiastical functions. 
This rule does not extend to peaceful employments. The 
vice-president of the legislative body and the minister of the 
interior are of the clerical order. The priests are industri- 
ous. Most of them are engaged in agriculture and other 
useful labours. The dress of the pastors, when not on duty, 
in the country, is like that of the peasantry, and they are 
only distinguished from them by their beards. I everywhere 
found both the people and the clergy most anxious to receive 
the Scriptures in their native tongue. This I consider a 
matter of importance, because the first step towards the 
knowledge of any subject must be a right exposition and 



198 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

understanding of the same. By this means, the people will 
gradually become enlightened ; the priests will lose the power 
of plotting, enslaving, and plundering ; superstition will give 
way; and the dictates of religion will coincide with those of 
utility. 

The Captains either are brave men themselves, or are 
the offspring of brave men, whom the Turks could not sub- 
due, and, therefore, made terms with them, and gave them 
a sort of feudal tenures. They are, for the most part, de- 
scended from cultivators and shepherds. Some of them 
have been corrupted, by coming in contact with, and exer- 
cising sway under, the Turks. In general, they are simple 
in their manners, are excellent mountain warriors, are keen 
plunderers, and are cruel only towards their enemies. They 
lean to democracy, from a love of their wild liberty, from a 
jealousy of the Primates and Fanariots, and from a dread of 
being put down by a foreign king. Their passions on this 
last subject have been well heated. 

The People. — The peasantry of Greece possess a large 
share of rustic virtue. They were within the sphere of 
Turkey's oppression, but without the sphere of her corrup- 
tion. Not so with the people of the towns, who, consequent- 
ly, partake of her vices. This people, but for want of in- 
struction, are as fitted to be free as anv nation on earth. And 
only those who pretend that " the slaves of to-day are not 
qualified to be freemen to-morrow" — I mean the oligarchs 
— are unworthy of the blessings of liberty, because they are 
luxurious, corrupted, avaricious, and tyrannical. I shall not 
dwell on the virtues of the Greek peasantry, because they 
are admitted by all men. Their martial spirit is not inferior 
to that of the regular soldiery, and some consider them as 
the stoutest and most formidable warriors in Greece. 

Vices. — I shall now speak of some of the defects that 
predominate in the Greek character. 

Avarice is a prevailing vice in Greece. In a despotic go- 
vernment, it is necessary for the slave to be penurious, to 
hold fast, and to bury his money. Vices are hardly vices 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 199 

under absolute government. There avarice, intrigue, cun- 
ning, falsehood, servility, robberies, insurrections, and, 
sometimes, frightful murders, are the only methods of self- 
defence. There every thing is confounded, and the sole 
measure of security is to be found in a perverse application 
of the principles of utility. 

Plunderers. — The Turks taught the Greeks to be plun- 
derers. Their exactions drove the cultivators and shepherds 
into the mountains, where they lived like wolves, and be- 
came freemen, outlaws, and plunderers. The survivors grew 
warlike, — sometimes the terror, sometimes the allies of the 
Turks, and at last the assisters of Grecian freedom. Such 
was the origin of most of the Captains. It must not, how- 
ever, be supposed that the Captains are the only plunderers ; 
many of the Primates possessed power and wealth under the 
Ottoman rule, and they are as grasping as the soldiers. 

Intriguers. — The Greeks, especially those of Constanti- 
nople, the Fanariots, excel in finesse, sophistry, political in- 
trigue, and crooked diplomacy. Such are the tactics of abso- 
lute governments. They are equally necessary to avoid ruin 
or to attain fortune. By pursuing this course the Greeks slid 
into the favour of their masters, an a d were appointed go- 
vernors of provinces, interpreters, &c. Who then can be 
surprised that the Greek slave should select the winding 
path which is surrounded by splendid scenery and leads to 
the temple of luxury ? In a good cause, intriguing politicians 
can never reach their goal as soon by a zig-zag, as a good 
man would by a direct, course. Their sly manoeuvres may 
always be foiled by a bold straight-forward and persevering 
attack. 

The resources of Greece are great but unexplored, 
Nature has been bountiful to her, but the Turks, blinded 
by prejudice and heated by passion, have neglected their 
true interests, and have destroyed her wealth, lands, and 
liberties, — all have been equally blasted. 

Agriculture is in Greece in its lowest state. Here and 
there the fields are well irrigated, but this is not generally 



200 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

the case. The best means of improving this most useful 
science would be through the medium of foreign settlers, 
and by the establishment of an agricultural society and 
branch farms, for the purpose of demonstrating the first 
principles of culture, of introducing fresh productions, such 
as vegetables, artificial grasses, &c. and of improving the 
breed of cattle, especially of sheep and goats. The vine and 
the olive, as also the silk-worm, require likewise particular 
attention. 

Commerce. — Where there is but small capital, few wants, 
no security, little probity, and no credit, commerce must 
stagnate. How is this state of things to be changed in 
Greece ? By good government, by education, by publicity, 
by the establishment and enforcement of good laws, by great 
rigour towards pirates, and by the example of a scrupulous 
integrity on the part of the administration in all its financial 
measures ; in a word, by proving to the people and the mer- 
chants how much it is their interest to be industrious and 
honest. 

Revenues. — The people are not oppressed by the amount 
of taxes, but they are ruined by the manner in which the 
Captains and the Primates collect them ; by the revenues 
entering the pockets of these individuals instead of being 
sent to the exchequer ; by their being appropriated to private 
purposes instead of being devoted to the protection of their 
lands and country from the Turks, many parts of which are 
yearly overrun and destroyed ; and by the occasional unlaw- 
ful exactions and system of free-quarter pursued by the 
Captains. What are the remedies for these evils ? The 
exposure of the abuse and of its fatal consequences; the ac~ 
quisition of power on the part of the government, to enable 
them to force the Captains and Primates to place the reve- 
nues in the public coffers ; the enrolment of the people as 
a militia, hostile equally to foreign and domestic enemies ; 
and an increased vigour and activity on the part of the re- 
presentative body. 

Loan, — The Greeks think they have but one want — that 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 201 

of money. This is a false notion, and attended with bad 
consequences : because, in every department of the govern- 
ment, all except money is neglected. Endeavours were 
made to remove this notion by proving that the richest had 
been subdued by the poorest nations. The Captains are in 
general averse to the loan, from a dread that it would fall 
into the hands of their antagonists, and deprive them of 
power. The rest of the nation look forward to its arrival 
with a feverish impatience. They think, and with truth, 
that, if well applied, it would not only secure their inde- 
pendence but also their freedom. When I was at Argos, 
measures were taken to bring the subject under the consider- 
ation of the government. The sittings of the legislative 
body were resumed ; measures were recommended for the 
appropriation of the money and for securing the payment 
of the interest. I will not enter into a detail of these mea- 
sures, as they embrace nearly the whole field of govern- 
ment. The representatives enacted some wholesome laws. 
They appeared exceedingly jealous of their power over the 
people's purse, and as careful of the public money as they 
proverbially are of their own. 

Parties. — The political parties in Greece may be said to 
be three. First, there are the Captains, who look to power 
and plunder. They generally lean to the democratic inter- 
ests, as a means of preserving these advantages and of 
avoiding a master under kingly government. This party 
have riches and courage, but they have powerful opponents, 
and can only preserve their interests by ranging themselves 
on the side of the people — a fact which they begin to appre- 
ciate. I was always pouring this into their ears, and the 
military chiefs, therefore, considered me as their particular 
friend, whereas I was merely consulting the good of the 
mass. Secondly, there are the Primates and Oligarchs : 
these, too, are for power and plunder. They look to a 
foreign king as the means of supporting their influence. 
The third may be called the national party : they consist of 
those who are not subdued by the military or civil oligarchs ; 

c c 



202 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

I mean the peasantry, the merchants, the townspeople, some 
of the islanders, and a few fine spirits. When invasion 
has been near, the national party have inclined towards the 
military chiefs : when at a distance, they have risen against 
their extortions. By degrees they gain strength. 

Education. — -From what has been stated, it appears 
that there is a great want of educated men in Greece. This 
is felt in the representative body, in the administration of 
justice, in the prefectures, in the armv and navy — in short, 
in every department of the state. By the establishment of 
schools and publicity, by courting the ingress of settlers and 
travellers, and the return of enlightened Greeks to their 
country, this desirable end may in time be obtained. 

The defence of Greece now claims your attention. 

Navy. — The Greek navyis composed chiefly of merchant- 
brigs from Hydra, Spetzia, and Ipsara. They amount to 
about eighty sail. These vessels have been maintained 
partly by private contributions, and the sailors are skilful 
and brave. The Greek fleet is of the same character as the 
Greek army. It is not equal to cope with the combined 
Turkish fleet, but has gained a mastery over it by its supe- 
rior seamen and tactics. When I say tactics, I allude not 
to those of a highly organized navy, for in these they are 
deficient ; but there are tactics for irregular fleets as well as 
armies, — for corsairs and privateers as for guerillas, pinda- 
ries, and stratiots. This, too, is the true military and naval 
policy for Greece to pursue. She cannot cope with the 
Turks in regular warfare, but she can harass and worry 
them to death. Greece should have four good frigates, sixty 
of her own brigs, three or four steam-vessels, some priva- 
teers, and a few gun-boats, in commission. She might then 
be secure against every maritime power, with the exception 
of England. Perhaps the Committee might be able to pro- 
cure for Greece some privateers, a steam-vessel, and a good 
gun-boat, as a model. One or two good naval officers, who 
could bend to native prejudices, and submit, with a serene 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. oqS 

mind, to all sorts of crosses, would be most useful auxilia- 
ries in the cause. 

Army. — The captains are of humble origin, and many of 
them are descended from shepherds. They or their fore- 
fathers have distinguished themselves by flying from the 
tyranny of the Turks, by having recourse to arms, and by 
their light fugitive movements and depredations, which 
eventually obliged their oppressors to court their alliance. 
These are the men who, by their courage and constancy, 
have kept up a spirit of resistance and of martial enterprize 
in the people ; till the nation being highly excited by Turk" 
ish oppression, at last broke out in a mad insurrection, 
and, contrary to all calculation, ending in emancipating 
themselves. The horrid massacres committed by the Greeks 
have been urged against them with truth, but most unjustly 
against their cause ; because the object of their struggle was 
to put down vice, and to establish a government that would 
promote virtue. These frightful slaughters have prevented 
the Turks from treating with their enemies on various oc- 
casions ; but, on the other hand, they have struck them with 
terror, and have cleared the country of savages that never 
could have been their friends, and would always have en- 
dangered their freedom. To palliate or to deny these cru- 
elties is, however, a false policy. The Greeks have, there- 
fore, been openly accused of a want of Christian charity ; 
they have passionately defended their conduct ; they have, 
notwithstanding, been condemned, and are gradually be- 
coming less sanguinary. Witness their conduct at Co- 
rinth. 

The Captains are, generally, uneducated and simple in 
their manners ; intelligent, brave, and excellent mountain 
warriors. 

The soldiers partake of the vices and the virtues of their 
superiors, with whom they live on easy terms, and are rarely 
punished. They are paid very irregularly; and when dissa- 
tisfied with their Captains, either rebel or leave them. The 
troops are better disciplined than at the commencement of 



204 GREECE, IN 18S3 AND 1824, 

the revolution; but are said to be less daring, because the 
excitement occasioned by wrongs, the love of liberty, the 
enthusiasm of religion, and the hope of plunder, art- more 
faintly felt. The Greek soldiers are extremely hardy ; can 
make long marches ; carry heavy weights on their backs ; 
live constantly in the open air ; proceed without magazines ; 
suffer great privations ; endure dirt and vermin ; and still 
preserve their high spirits. They are swift as horses, and 
scarcely tangible ; and if a love of liberty can ensure perse- 
verance, almost unconquerable in their wild fastnesses. 
Every soldier's mind is bent on success ; no Greek ever ad- 
mits the possibility of being again subjected to the Turks. 
If you talk of millions that are about to pour down into 
their country, still they never appear dismayed They tell 
you calmly that as more come, more will be famished or 
mowed down by the Hellenists. This gallant feeling is 
universal. My opinion iff, that the struggle, however, pro- 
tracted, must succeed, and must lead to an improvement in 
the condition, not only of Greece, but of Asia. 

Offensive Operations. — The Porte has promised to 
reward her Pachas with the provinces which they shall con- 
quer. The Pacha of Egypt is in possession of Rhodes, and 
is engaged in the subjugation of Candia, where the fortresses 
are in his hands, but a brave peasantry are in arms in the 
mountains. Mahommed-Ali has also engaged to invade 
the Morea with 5,000 regular and 20,000 irregular troops. 
This army is to land at Modon and Coron. One division 
is then to march on Tripolitza, and the other is to move in 
the direction of Patras, and to sweep the plain. There is 
reason to hope that Mahommed-Ali will not succeed in this 
undertaking, because he is jealous and fearful of the Porte; 
the Mameluke Ibrahim Bey has raised an insurrection against 
him, his capital has been destroyed by a conflagration in 
which his arsenal and artillery corps have been consumed : 
he is engaged in war in Candia, and the plague rages at 
Alexandria. 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824 205 

Omer-Pacha is directing a corps from Joanina, on West- 
ern Greece and Missolonghi. 

The Pacha of Scoudra is destined for Acarnania and 
iEtolia. 

The Turkish and Egyptian fleets are in sufficient force to 
relieve the fortresses in Greece. This will continue to be 
the case till the Greek fleet is rendered more efficient and 
constantly employed. 

Defence of Greece. — I submitted to the consideration 
of the Greek government the following plan, partly founded 
on the suggestions of Odysseus. 

There are two great roads by which the Turks can invade 
liberated Greece from the north. One by Zeitouni and the 
other by Arta. The troops of the republic should be placed 
as follows : — 

Troops. 
Eastern Greece. — At Hatheda, near St. Marina 1500 
A detached body to cut the communication between 

Larissa and Zeitouni ----- 500 

To defend the four passes of Thermopylae - - 2000 
The flat between the sea and Thermopylce should 

be defended by field works, and - 100Q 

In the province of Neopatra - 3000 

At Athens, the fortress of which is efficient - - 300 
At Negropont, to protect the country till an efficient 

blockade can be established - 1000 

Total for Eastern Greece 9300 

Remarks.— -Twelve thousand Olympians are ready to 
rise against the Turks, provided they are furnished with pay 
for one month, and a sufficient quantity of powder and lead. 
If these insurgents could be supplied from the sea, they 
would form a powerful diversion in the rear of the invaders. 

The Greek fleet, Odysseus thinks, should be placed in the 
vicinity of Ipsara, to intersect all the Turkish armaments, 
I am of opinion that the Greek navy should never take up 



206 GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

a position till they have a superiority over the enemy's 
squadrons ; till then they should spread and devastate like 
their armies. 



Troops. 
Western Greece. — In the district of Marrenorso 

5000 men, namely, in the defiles - 3000 

And in the neighbourhood - 2000 

At Missolonghi, besides the brave townsmen - 400 

At Anatolico ditto ditto 50 

At Lepanto, till the blockade is effected 50 



Total number of Troops for Western Greece 5500 

Peloponnesus. — For the blockade of Patras and the 

defence of the plain ----- 2000 

For Gastouni and Pyrgos ----- 500 

For Vostizza ------- 300 

For the blockade of Modon and Coron - - 500 
For a corps de reserve at Tripolitza - 3000 

For Napoli di Romania ----- 500 

For Corinth 300 

For Navarin ------- 300 

Total number of troops in the Morea 7400 
Regular Soldiers.— A battalion of 1000 regular 
troops should be placed at the seat of government, and 
an artillery corps of 500 men - - - - 1500 

Candia. — To reconquer Candia would require - 6000 

Gross total, of regular and irregular troops, for 
Eastern and Western Greece, the Peloponnesus 
and Candia 29,700 

General Remarks. — Besides the above troops, the 
government should organize the entire people, and form 
them into a militia or national guard. The most faithful 



GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824 207 

and brave men of each village and town should be selected 
as officers. The troops should be mustered and exercised 
every Sunday, and they should be at all times ready to turn 
out against either domestic or foreign enemies. When the 
country is in a more organized state, I should recommend 
the adoption of the military system which I submitted to 
the consideration of Odysseus. 

Sieges. — Every thing necessary for the sieges should be 
prepared. Without this, or a naval superiority, Patras, 
Negropont, and Lepanto, never can be taken, nor Greece 
rendered secure. The resources of the Island of Negro- 
pont, and of the fine plain in the neighbourhood of Patras, 
would alone enable the Greeks to carry on the war. 

Military Men about the Government. — -The neces- 
sity of appointing a good officer in the executive body, one 
in the war department, and one scientific military man about 
the government, was strongly urged by the Committee's 
agent. 

Neutrality. — I have been removed from my duties in 
Greece by the King of England's commands. Need I say 
how painful to me is the sovereign's displeasure, and how 
injurious to my fortunes ? His Majesty's ministers have, 
however, resolved to preserve neutrality towards the belli- 
gerent states. — Not a fictitious, but a rigid, honest, con- 
scientious neutrality. They will not expose their still suffer- 
ing country, with its perilous debt, to a general war. I 
admire their wisdom. We must not however, graft evil on 
good ; we must not confound the rights of individuals with 
a fair neutrality as regards the state. England must not 
break its faith towards other countries, nor crush the an- 
cient liberties of its subjects. Till now, wherever Freedom 
has stretched forth her suppliant and sinewy arms, Britons 
have attended the summons. I hate the innovation of des- 
potism, and can never admit that the ministers of a free 
state have a right to domineer over the sentiments and ac- 
tions of individuals. They have no right to say you shall 
not feel for the wrongs of Greece, nor aid her with your 



208. GREECE, IN 1823 AND 1824. 

thoughts or your money. Your blood shall not curdle at 
the narration of her woes, nor run wild with pleasure at 
seeing her chains break, and her people rioting in freedom. 
You shall not aid her in subduing these natural emotions, 
by communicating to her your knowledge, morals, religion, 
and civilization. The ministers of the Holy Alliance may, 
indeed, have a right to exercise such powers over their mas* 
ters' slaves, and to command England to follow their exam- 
ple, under pain of their displeasure. But England had bet- 
ter hold up her head, mildly assert her rights, and face her 
danger, than submit to such doctrines, and fall into their 
chaos of despotism. Britain is still mighty in knowledge, 
in wealth, in physical force, and the world cannot perma- 
nently injure her while she maintains the pre-eminence of 
superior virtue. 

This report is, perhaps, too long, considering the little 
noveltv it contains. I shall conclude it by observing that 
nothing, according to my experience, could be wiser or more 
benevolent than the conduct pursued by the Committee 
towards the Greeks. They have endeavoured to raise their 
character, and to give an interest to their cause ; they have 
thrown open to them the sources of knowledge, and have 
aided them in the procurement of a loan which, if well ap- 
plied, will mainly contribute to their salvation, and on their 
salvation depend the destinies of the Asiatic world. 
I am 

Most sincerely yours, 

Leicester Stanhope. 

[Vide Appendix, Nos. 52.] 



APPENDIX. 



No. 1. 

From Lord Erskine to Colonel Stanhope. 

Bear Sir, 

Having been for some time past in the country, and therefore not in 
attendance on the Greek Committee, I did not hear, till yesterday, of your 
truly noble and public spirited intention of representing 1 us in Greece, since 
the return of Mr. Blaquiere, which, whilst it does you the greatest honour, 
cannot but be productive of the happiest consequences. 

I am most anxious that the interest which we take in the renovation of 
that illustrious nation, should be generally felt and understood, and having 
received several kind and friendly communications from the different com- 
mittees on the continent, who have signalized themselves in this glorious 
cause of religion, humanity, and freedom, I avail myself of the most favour- 
able opportunity, by your fortunate presence amongst them, to present them 
with my humble effort in its support, and I therefore send you a few copies 
of the letter to Lord Liverpool, which the Prince Mavrocordato has lately 
so kindly noticed. 

I feel an additional confidence and interest in asking this favour of you, 
from the sincere respect I have so very long entertained, and always must 
continue to feel, for every member of your family. I shall take the earliest 
opportunity of sending to you my letter to the Prince Mavrocordato, and one 
also to Lord Byron, and shall be much obliged by a line addressed to me 
here, that I may know when you leave London. 
I have the honour to be, 

Your faithful humble servant, 

ErskistE; 
Buchan-Hill, near Crawley, Sussex, 
Srpt. 21st, 1823. 

D d 



210 APPENDIX. 



No. 2. 

From the Greek Committee to Lord Byron. 

London, 24th September, 182J. 
My Lord, 

Tux Greek Committee have great pleasure in recommending, in the 
strongest terms, to your Lordship, the Honourable Colonel Leicester Stan- 
hope, who has kindly offered his services to proceed to Greece, to be asso- 
ciated with you as the agent of our Committee; and we have no doubt that 
his co operation will be satisfactory to your Lordship, important to the Greek 
government, and beneficial to the cause. 

Col. S. will verbally explain to your Lordship our situation, our resources, 
and our views. He takes with him a variety of documents and of informa- 
tion, on which he will take occasion to consult you; and as in the course of 
the journey he will have seen the different continental Committees, we trust 
a more efficient organization will be adopted than has hitherto had place. 

We wait very anxiously for news from your Lordship, and for the arrival 
of the Greek deputies, when we trust very important results may be antici- 
pated. 

We have the honour to be, 

My Lord, 
Your Lordship's most obedient and humble servants, 

Erskixe, 
Joseph Hixi, 
Robert Lo>g, 
D. Schtxas, 
Johx Bowrixg, Hon. Sec. 



No. 3. 

From the Greek Committee of London to tlie PhiUiellene Committees of Darm- 
stadt, Zurich, Stuttgard, and ge7ier ally of Switzerland and Germany. 

London, 24th September, 1823. 
Gentlemen, 

We have great pleasure in introducing to you a most valuable mem- 
ber of our Greek Committee, the Honourable Colonel Stanhope, who has 
kindly undertaken to act with Lord Byron as our agent in Greece, and who 
possesses our full confidence, and our highest esteem. 

In his way to Greece he will visit your principal Committees, in order to 



APPENDIX. 211 

concert with you the most effective plans of future operations, — to commu- 
nicate to you the views of the London Committee, — to offer his important 
assistance in Greece and elsewhere, and generally to co-operate with you 
in whatever concerns the interest and welfare of the common cause. 
We entreat you to honour him with your confidence, and to believe us, 

Gentlemen, 

Yours, most truly, 

Euskine, 

Joseph Hume, 

Robert Long, 

D Schinas, 

John JSowring, Hon. Sec. 



No. 4. 

Observations du Comiti des Philhellenes a Darmstadt sur les Questions propo* 
sees par Jll. le Colonel Stanhope. 

1. L'emprunt projete par le gouvernement Grec aura, ace que nous cro- 
yons et esperons, du succes en Allemagne, aussitot que les amis des Grecs 
en Angleterre se montreront disposes a y prendre part. Cependant pour 
que cette affaire reussisse entieretnent, il nous paroit indispensable, que les 
conditions de l'emprunt garantissent aux interesses les suretes necessaires 
tant a i'egard des capitaux que des interets. Elle reussiroit encore mieux 
sans doute, si le gouvernement Grec se determinoit enfin, a donner a l'em- 
prunt negocie en Allemagne par feu le Sieur Kephalas la ratification souvent 
annoncee mais pas encore ofticiellement prononcee. Cela serviroit a reta- 
blir la confiance du public ainsi qu'a ranimer l'interet qu'il prend a la cause 
des Grecs. 

2. Quant aux mesures qu'il convient d'adopter relativement au corps Al« 
lemand, parti de Marseille dans le mois de Novembre de l'annee passee, et 
se trouvant actuellement a Napoli di Romania, le comite des Philhellenes a, 
Darmstadt a cru devoir prendre la decision suivante 

Tant qu'il y aura quelque apparence, que le corps Allemand, conforme'- 
ment a sa destination originaire, sera employe a l'avantage du gouvernement 
Grec et qu'il pourra compter sur une existence tant soit peu sure et sup- 
portable, ce corps ne sara point ramen£ et on lui fera passer, autant que les 
circonstances le permettent, les secours, dont il pourroit avoir besoin. Si 
cependant. les d-marches, que nous avons faites soit aupres du gouverne- 
ment Grec, soit aupres de Lord Byron, n'ont pas le succes desire, et si le 
corps Allemand n'est point mis en activite, il seraloisible a chaque individu 
de ce corps de s'en retourner immediatement ou de rester en Grece; et 
dans ces deux cas chacun recevra, autant que l'etat de notre caisse le per- 



212 APPENDIX. 

mettra, des secours soit pour son retour immediat, soit pour son sejour pro- 
long^ en Grece ; mais on ne fera passer a ceux, qui ayant pris le parti d'y 
rester seront disposes a s'en retourner plus tard, aucune espece de secours 
pour leur retour. C'est conformement a cette decision que nous avons deja 
donne a nos fondes de pouvoir les instructions necessaires. 

3. Nous agreons avec plaisir la proposition, d'etablir en Grece une com- 
mission commune composee d'un depute du comite Anglois, d'un depute 
des comites AUemands et d'un depute des comites Suisses, mais ce projet 
ne pouvant etre execute qu'avec le concours des autres comites AUemands, 
nous nous resserrons de nous concerter la dessus prealablement avec eux. 

4. Inexperience a demontre, que l'etablissement d'une correspondance 
sure entre la Grece et les comites est extremement desirable. Nous aurions 
done infiniment d'obligation au comite de Londres, qui peut sans doute con- 
tribuer le plus a la realisation d'un pareil etablissement, s'il vouloit bien pren- 
dre a cet egard les mesures les plus convenables. Car quoique nous eus- 
sions vivement reCommande a chaque Philbellene en Grece, de nous com- 
muniquer des nouvelles, et que nous y ayons souvent ecrit nous mimes, nous 
avons malheureusement fait l'experience, qiie la plupart des nouvelles n'ar- 
rivent point a leur destination ou qu'elles n'y arrivent du moins que fort 
tard. La maniere la plus sure, de faire parvenir des lettres de Grece en 
Europe sera de les adresser a des marchands a Ancone ou Livourne, qui les 
feront parvenir a leur destination ulterieure. Nous croyons d'avoir fait l'ex- 
perience que les lettres, qui vont par le royaume de Sardaigne a Geneve 
n'ont pas ete ouvertes ou interceptees. 

5. Nous avons deja formellement declare il y a quelques jours au comite 
de Londres lui meme, que nous eprouverions un tres grand plaisir, a conti- 
nuer avec lui les liaisons amicales, qui ont si heureusement subsiste jusqu'ici 
entre nous ; nous ne manquerons done pas de concourir et de cooperer, au- 
tant que possible, a toutes les mesures que le comite de Londres jugera a 
propos de prendre pour le soutien et le succes de la cause des Grecs. 

6. Pour qu'on puisse compter sur la continuation de l'interet du public et 
sur des secours ulterieurs de sa part, il est indispensable — 

I. Qu'avant tout le corps des Philhellenes a Napoli di Romania soit place 
dans une situation plus avantageuse, c. a. d. qu'il soit employe conformement 
a sa destination primitive ; et que le gouvernement Grec lui assure les sub- 
sistances necessaires. 

II. Qu'apres l'accomplissement de ces points essentiels les comites pren- 
nent les mesures les plus convenables, pour preparer de nouveux secours au 
gouvernement Grec et en donner de terns en tems communication au public. 
Nous croyons cependant devoir faire ici la remarque, qu'a cause des rap- 
ports politiquesactuellement existants, les comites AUemands seront obliges 



APPENDIX. 213 

de proccder dans leurs operations avec le plus grande prudence etla circon- 
spection la plus delicate. 
Darmstadt, ce 6 Octobre, 1823. 

Le Comit6 des Philhellenes a Darmstadt. 

(L.S.) Hoepfneii, Conseiller de la 
Cour Superieure d'Appel 
a Darmstadt, et President 
du Comite Philhellenique. 
(LS.) Goldmann, Assesseur de la 
Chambre de Finance Su- 
perieure de S. A. R. le 
Grand Due de Hesse, 2 e 
Secretaire du Comite - Phil- 
hell. 

(TRANSLATION.) 

Observations of the Philhellene Committee, of Darmstadt, on the Questions pro- 
posed by Colonel Stanhope. 

1. The loan projected by the Greek government will, we believe and 
hope, succeed in Germany as soon as the friends of the Greeks in England 
shall show themselves disposed to participate in it. In order, however, that 
this business may obtain complete success, it appears to us indispensable that 
the conditions of the loan should guarantee to those interested the necessary 
security as well with regard to principal as to interest. And it would, un- 
doubtedly, succeed much better if the Greek Government were, at length, 
to resolve to give to the loan negociated in Germany, by the late Sieur Ke- 
phalas, the so often announced, but not yet officially promulgated ratifica- 
tion. This step would serve to re-establish public confidence, and to excite 
anew the interest which the people take in the success of the Greek cause. 

2. As for the measures which it is proper to adopt with respect to the 
German corps, which left Marseilles in the month of November last, and is 
now at Napoli di Romania, the Philhellene Committee of Darmstadt has come 
to the following resolution. 

As long as there shall be any appearance that the German corps, conform- 
ably to its original destination, will be employed for the advantage of the 
Greek Government, and that it may reckon upon an existence, in some de- 
gree, safe and supportable, it shall not be recalled, and, as far as circum- 
stances will permit, the necessary assistance shall be forwarded to it. If, 
on the other hand, the steps which we have taken, both with the Greek 
Government and with Lord Byron, shall not have the desired success, and 
if the German corps shall not be placed in a state of active exertion, every 
individual of the corps shall be at liberty to return immediately or to remain 
in Greece. In either of these cases, each person shall receive, as far as our 
resources will permit, assistance, either for his immediate return or for his 



214 APPENDIX. 

prolonged stay in Greece ; but those who shall now choose to remain there, 
and shall, at any future time, feel disposed to return, shall not be entitled 
to any assistance in furtherance of that object. Conformably to this deci- 
sion, we have already transmitted to our agents the necessary instructions. 

3. We accept with pleasure the proposition to establish in Greece a com- 
mon commission, composed of one deputy from the English Committee, one 
deputy from the German Committees, and one deputy from the Swiss Com- 
mittees : but as this project cannot be carried into effect without the con- 
currence of the other German Committees, we must restrict ourselves, for 
the present, to concerting with them upon the subject. 

4. Experience has demonstrated that the establishment of a safe corres- 
pondence between Greece and the Committees is exceedingly desirable. 
We should, therefore, feel deeply indebted to the London Committee, which 
is, undoubtedly, able to contribute most effectually towards the realization 
of such an establishment, if it would take the proper steps for carrying it 
into effect ; for, although we have particularly recommended to every Phil- 
hellene in Greece to communicate news to us, and have often written thither, 
we have learned, by \yoful experience, that our letters did not, for the most 
part, reach their destination, or that, at least, they only arrived after a con° 
siderable lapse of time. The surest method of transmitting letters from 
Greece to Europe will be to address them to merchants at Ancona or Leg- 
horn, who will forward them to their ulterior destination. Experience, also, 
induces us to believe that letters, passing through the kingdom of Sardinia 
to Geneva, have not been opened or intercepted. 

5. We have already, some days since, formally declared to the London 
Committee itself, that we should feel the greatest pleasure in the continu- 
ance of the amicable connexion which has hitherto subsisted between it and 
ourselves ; we shall not fail, therefore, to concur and co-operate, as much as 
possible, in all the measures which the London Committee shall think fit to 
pursue for the maintenance and success of the Greek cause. 

6. In order to ensure a continuance of the public interest, and also of ul- 
terior assistance from the people, it is indispensable, 

I. That, before all things, the Philhellene corps, at Napoli di Romania, 
should be placed in a more advantageous situation, that is to say, that it 
should be employed conformably to its primary destination, and that the 
Greek government should secure to it the necessary subsistence. 

II. That after the accomplishment of these essential points, the Commit- 
tee should take the most proper steps to procure fresh aid for the Greek 
government, and to give the public, from time to time, an account of their 
proceedings. At the same time, we think it our duty to observe, that, in 
consequence of the existing political relations, the German Committees will 



APPENDIX. <Q15 

be obliged to proceed in their operations with the greatest prudence, and 
the most delicate circumspection. 
Darmstadt, 6th October, 1823. 

The Philhellene Committee of Darmstadt. 

(L.S.) Hoepfster, Counsellor of the 
Upper Court of Appeal at 
Darmstadt, and President 
of the Philhellene Commit- 
tee. 
(L.S.) Golumanx, Assessor of the 
Upper Chamber of Fi- 
nances of H. R. H. the 
Grand Duke of Hesse, Se- 
cond Secretary of the Phil- 
hellene Committee. 



No. 5. 

Jlnswer of the Swiss Commitee to Colonel Stanhope's Questions. 

Apres que le tres Hon. Monsieur le Colonel Stanhope, agent du Comite 
des Philhellenes a Londres et recommande par ce Comite, eut ete introduit 
dans la seance de notre comite d'aujourd'hui, celuici a repondu aux ques- 
tions proposees par Monsieur Stanhope, de la maniere suivante : — 

1. Le Comite desire que les Allemands et les Suisses, qui se trouvent en 
Grece, soient occupes d'une maniere adaptee a leur capacite, pour cooperer 
a l'affranchissement de la Grece. II lui paroit indifferent, qu'ils agissent 
comme corps particulier, ou qu'ils soient employes isolement comme in- 
structeurs des Grecs, dans les travaux de la fortification, dans les arsenaux, 
etc. 

2. II importe beaucoup au Comite, que ces Allemands et ces Suisses 
soient occupes d'une maniere convenable, qu'ils soient nourris et payes. 
Les agens du Comite de Londres nous obligeront infiniment s'ils voudront 
bien, autant que possible, chercher a atteindre ce but conjointement avec 
l'agent des Comites Suisses. 

3. La formation d'un comite de Francs dans la Grece me me, pour la re- 
ception des secours et pourveillera leur distribution, nous paroit fort utile. 
A ce sujet Monsieur de Keinecke est designe comme agent des comites en 
Grece. Nous nous trouverons tres honores si les agens du Comite de Lon- 
dres voudront bien se concerter avec Monsieur de Keinecke pour la mani- 
ere la plus efficace dont on pourroit secourir les Grecs. Le Comite regrette 
seulement, que par les efforts faits depuis deux annees en Suisse, les fonds 
se trouvent actuellement a-peu-pres epuises. 



216 APPENDIX. 

4. Nous considerons comme absolument necessaire pour la continuation 
des efforts des comites, que des arrangemens soient pris, pour pouvoir 
e"tablir une correspondance reguliere avecla Grece, etpouryenvoyer d'une 
maniere sure les secours en argent, habits, medicines, etc. 

5. Si les Grecs re"ussissent a condure un emprunt a Londres, nous tache- 
rons volontiers a lui donner du credit en Suisse. Mais pour pouvoir le faire 
avec quelque esperance de succes il seroit necessaire avant tout, que le 
Gouvernement Grec fisse expedier enfin la ratification de l'emprunt fait 
par Kephalas, montant a 150,000 florins (dont a. la verite il n'a ete vendu 
qu'une tres petite partie.) 

6. Si les comites Suisses pourront contribuer plus tard a l'education et a 
la civilisation du peuple Grec, ils feront tout ce qui est dans leur pouvoir, 
pour assurer ainsi leur novelle liberte. 

En cette occasion tous les membres du Comite exprimaient leur joie 
bien sincere, de ce que d'apres les assurances de Monsieur le Colonel 
Stanhope le peuple Anglais commence a ouvrir ses riches tresors pour le 
soulagement de la nation Grecque. Puissent ces secours continuer ! Ils 
sont employes pour un peuple qui possede de grands talens pour les arts 
et les sciences, et chez qui les germes du Christianisme n'ont pu etre ex- 
tirpes meme par la plus grande des tyrannies : chose dont les Suisses se 
sont assures particulierement par la connoissance de 160 malheureux Grecs, 
qui ont vecu plus de six mois dans la Suisse. 

Fait dans la seance du Comite Central des Philhellenes 
Suisses a Zurich, se 8 Octobre, 1823. 

Le President, J. H. Bremi, Chanoine. 
Le Secretaire, M. Hirzee. 

(TRANSLATION.) 

The Honourable Colonel Stanhope, agent of the London Greek Com- 
mittee, and recommended by them, having been introduced to our sittings 
of this day, this Committee has answered the questions proposed by Colonel 
Stanhope, as follows : — 

1. This Committee is desirous that the Germans and Swiss now in Greece 
should be employed in a way adapted to their capacity, to co-operate to- 
wards the enfranchisement of Greece. It appears to them quite indifferent 
whether they act as a particular corps, or whether they are employed in 
an isolated manner, as instructors of the Greeks in the labours of fortifica- 
tion, in the arsenals, &c. 

2. The Committee is particularly anxious that these Germans and Swiss 
should be employed in a proper manner, and that they should be properly 
fed and paid. The agents of the London Committee will infinitely oblige 
us, by endeavouring, as far as possible, to attain this object, in conjunction 
with the agent of the Swiss Committees. 

3. The establishment of a committee of Franks in Greece to receive the 
succours, and to watch over their distribution, appears to us very useful. 



APPENDIX. 217 

For this purpose Monsieur de Reinecke is appointed agent of the Swiss 
Committees in Greece, and we shall feel ourselves highly honoured if the 
agents of the London Committee will concert with Monsieur de Reinecke 
on the most efficacious means of rendering assistance to the Greeks. The 
Committee has only to regret that, in consequence of the exertions made 
in Switzerland during the last two years, its funds are almost exhausted. 

4. We consider it absolutely necessary, for the continuance of the efforts 
of the Committees, that arrangements should be made for the establish- 
ment of a regular correspondence with Greece, and for sending thither, in 
safety, succours in money, clothes, medicines, &c. 

5. Should the Greeks succeed in concluding a loan in London, we will 
willingly exert ourselves to give it credit in Switzerland. But in order to 
enable us to do this with any hope of success, it would be above all things 
necessary that the Greek government should at length complete the ratifi- 
cation of the loan negotiated by Kephalas, amounting to 150,000 florins (of 
which, in fact, only a very small portion has been sold.) 

6. If the Swiss Committees shall be able to contribute at some future 
time to the education and civilization of Greece, they will do all that lies in 
their power thus to confirm its new-born liberty. 

On this occasion all the members of the Committee expressed their very 
sincere joy that, according to the representation of Colonel Stanhope, the 
people of England had begun to open their rich treasures for the support 
of the Greeks. May this assistance be continued ! It is given to a people 
who possess great talents for the arts and sciences, and among whom the 
seeds of Christianity have been preserved in spite of the efforts of the most 
abominable despotism, a circumstance which the Swiss have particularly 
ascertained by the knowledge of 160 unfortunate Greeks, who lived for 
more than six months in Switzerland. 

Done in the sitting of the Central Committee of 
the Swiss Philhellenes at Zurich, this 8th 
October, 1823. 

President, J. H. Bremi, Cation^ 
Secretary, M. Hirzel 



No. 6. 

Extract of a Letter from Monsieur Lutscher. 

" Les cent soixante Grecs arrives au mois de Janvier, 1823, en Suisse^ 
apres avoir traverse la Russie, la Pologne, et l'Allemagne au milieu de 
l'hiver, et y avoir vu perir de froid et de misere une grande partie de leurs 
compagnons d'infortune, sont du nombre des Grecs qui se refugierent <sn 

E e 



218 APPENDIX. 

Russie en 1851. Ces malheureux etoient la plus part marins, cultivateurs, 
marchands, ou domestiques ; deux on trois seulement d'entr'eux avolent 
porte les armes Apres des sollicitations reiterees, le gouvernement 
Frangais leur permit de se rendre a Marseille. Cette permission ne fut 
donnee abord que pour quarante, qui ne devoient voyager que quatre au 
plus ensemble, et a deux jours soit soixante-douze heures d'intervalle. 
Les quatre premiers partirent de Geneve, le 25 Mai, et la premiere expe- 
dition de quarante Grecs ne put partir de Marseille que le 7 Juillet ; on a 
appris leur heureuse arrivee a Hydra. En vertu d'une seconde permission* 
quatre-vingt autres Grecs sont partis de Geneve parconvois dehuit, a soix- 
ante-douze heures d'intervalle du 2 Aout au 3 Septembre. Le 12 Sep- 
tembre ces quatre-vingt Grecs se sont embarques a Marseille. Les trente- 
neuf Grecs (outre une femme et trois enfans) qui restoient encore en 
Suisse, ont recu la permission de passer par la France par convois de qua- 
tre, a soixante-douze heures d'intervalle, et les quatre premiers sont partis 
de Geneve le 9 Octobre. Les autres convois doivent suivre regulierement. 
Les frais d'entretien de ces cent soixante Grecs, arrives en Suisse dans un 
denuement complet, ainsi que les frais de leur voyage par la Suisse et la 
France jusqu'en Grece, ont ete payes entierement par les souscriptions 
faites en leur faveur dans tous les cantons de la Suisse. Pour alleger ce 
fardeau on les avoit dissemines en differentes villes et villages. Le Comite 
central de la Suisse est a Zuric, ou d'autres comites de secours pour les 
Grecs ont envoye le produit de leurs souscriptions. C'est la caisse de 
Zuric qui a paye les frais du sejour et de l'embarquement a Marseille. La 
premiere expedition y a coute 7633 francs de France ; la seconde 16050 
francs. — Le soussigne en donnant ces details desire, non de relever ce que 
le Suisses on fait pour des Chretiens, des freres malheureux, mais unique- 
ment d'engager les amis que les infortunes Grecs ont en Angleterre a join- 
dre leurs secours a ceux des Suisses. II ignore si les principaux comites 
de secours de la Suisse ont encore en ce moment les fonds necessaires pour 
faire face a toutes les depenses ulterieures ; mais, ayant ete charge de 
l'emploi des fonds provenus de la souscription faite a Geneve en faveur de 
ces cent-soixante Grecs, il doit dire que la caisse de cette souscription est 
plus qu'epuisee, qu'elle a un deficit ou une dette toujours croissante de 
plus de deux mille francs de France, provenant de ce qu'elle a eu n sup- 
porter les frais de voyage de Geneve a Lyon pour tous les cent-trente- 
deux Grecs qui ont deja passe, et qu'elle a eu a payer le sejour souvent 
prolonge de tous ces Grecs sans exception : il y a eu par sxemple, depuis 
plus d'un mois, vingt a trente Grecs a Geneve. 

L. Lutscher, 
Pasteur de VEglise JUlemande reformee. 
Geneve, le 15 Octobre, 1823, 



APPENDIX. 219 



(TRANSLATION.) 

« f The 160 Greeks who arrived in Switzerland in January, 1823, after 
having traversed Russia, Poland, and Germany, in the depth of winter, and 
after having seen a great part of their companions in misfortune perish by 
cold or want, are of the number of those Greeks who took refuge in Rus- 
sia in 1821. These unfortunate creatures were, for the most part, sailors, 
agriculturists, shop-keepers, or servants, only two or three among them 
had ever borne arms. After reiterated solicitations, the French govern- 
ment at length allowed them to proceed to Marseilles. This permission 
was given at first for only forty, who were to travel only four together, and 
with an interval of two or three days between each party. The four first 
set out from Geneva on the 25th of May, and this first expedition of forty 
Greeks could not leave Marseilles before the 7th of July: we have heard 
of their safe arrival at Hydra. By virtue of a second permission, eighty 
other Greeks set out from Geneva, in convoys of eight persons each, and 
with an interval of seventy-two hours, between the 2d of August and the 
3d of September. On the 12th of September, these eighty Greeks embark- 
ed at Marseilles. The thirty-nine Greeks (besides one woman and three 
children,) who still remained at Geneva, have at length obtained permis- 
sion also to pass through France in parties of four, with an interval of 72 
hours ; the four first of these set out from Geneva on the 9th of October, 
and the other parties will follow regularly. The expense of maintaining 
these 160 Greeks, who arrived in Switzerland in a state of utter destitu- 
tion, as well as that of their journey through Switzerland and France, and 
of their voyage back to Greece, has been entirely borne by the subscrip- 
tions collected for them in all the cantons of Switzerland. To lighten this 
burden, they were distributed in different towns and villages. The Cen- 
tral Committee of Switzerland is at Zurich, and thither the other commit- 
tees, formed for the purpose of assisting the Greeks, sent the produce of 
their subscriptions. It is the coffers of Zurich which have paid the ex- 
penses of their stay in Switzerland and of their embarkation at Mar- 
seilles. The first expedition cost them 7633 French francs, and the 
second, 16,050. 

The undersigned, in giving these details, is desirous not to magnify what 
the Swiss have done for Christians, for brothers in misfortune, but solely 
to implore the friends of the unfortunate Greeks in England to join their 
aid to that of the Swiss. He knows not whether the principal committees 
of Switzerland have at the present moment funds sufficient to meet all the 
ulterior expenses; but, having been charged with the employment of the 
funds proceeding from the subscription made at Geneva in favour of these 
160 Greeks, he is sorry to say that this subscription is more than exhausted, 
that it exhibits an increasing deficit, or debt, of more than 2000 French francs, 
proceeding from its having had to bear the expenses of the journey from 
Geneva to Lyons of all the 132 Greeks who have already passed, and from 



220 APPENDIX. 

its having had to pay for the stay, often prolonged, of all these Greeks 
without exception : there have been, for example, for more than a month 
past, from twenty to thirty Greeks at Geneva. 

"L. LUTSCHER, 

" Pastor of the German Reformed Church." 
* Geneva, 15th October, 1823." 



No. 7. 

From the Swiss Committee to Colonel Stanhope. 

Zurich, ce 19 Octobre, 1823. 

Monsieur, 

D'apres les relations amicales que nous avons mutuellmente enta- 
mees pendant votre sejour a Zurich, nous nous adressons a vous avec 
toute la franchise, que demande la loyaute Anglaise et Suisse unies ensem- 
ble pour le meme but, savoir pour contribuer a la delivrance de la Grece. 

Nous vous avous expose nos tentatives reitevees, nos esperances, nos 
erreurs, qui ne derivaient que du manque d'une parfaite connaissance du 
terrein et des individus qui dirigent les affaires de la Grece. Mais en 
meme terns nous sommes toujours persuades d'avoir avantageusement 
opere sur l'opinion publique, et d'avoir vraiment fait du bien a la nation 
Grecque, soit en envoyant sur le theatre de la guerre des militaires, tels 
que le General Normann, et les braves de Zetta, soit en facilitant avec 
beaucoup de frais le passage des pauvres fugitifs provenant d'Odessa, soit 
enfin en invitant les Anglais, fournis de beaucoup plus de moyens, a pren- 
dre part a nos efforts. 

Vovant maintenant quel est le vrai etat des affaires, nous vous prions 
amicalement de vouloir bien vous interesser au sort des Philhellenes Alle- 
mands et Suisses passes en Grece, ou avant l'expedition de feu M. Kephalas, 
ou avec lui; en contribuant autant qu'il dependra de vous, a les faire em- 
ployer d'une maniere convenable ou par le gouvernement national de la 
Grece', ou par les divers capitaines, ou enfin — ce que nous desirerions le 
plus pour leur bien etre — dans les corps, ou dans les etablissemens, que 
vous vous proposez de fonder d'apres les intentions de votre societe. 

Ceux meme, qui preferent de retourner dans leur patrie meritent votre 
bienveillance ; et peut-etre avec le moyen de recommandations aux divers 
consulats, de passeports, de petits secours pecuniaires, etc. vous pourrez en 
plusiers manieres faciliter leur voyage, sans devier de vos instructions. Ce 
sont de malhuereuses victimes. 

Sans doute ceux, qui fideles a leurs engagements et au but que d'abord 
lis s'etoient propose, resteront en Grece pour combattre les Barbares, doi^ 



APPENDIX. 221 

vent nous interesser davantage. C'est pourquoi nous vous conjurons de 
faire pour ces braves tout ce qui dcpendra de vous et de vos moyens, en 
les secourant, en les employant selon leur habilete, et en les assurant contre 
toute sorte de persecutions et de privations. 

Pour cet effet nous vouscommuniquons les instructions detaill£es, remises 
a M. Kolbe, nomm£ Schrader, depute de la legion Philhellene, personnage 
qu'en tout egard nous jugeons digne de notre pleine confiance, et dans 
lequel nous sommes surs que vous trouverez un homme honnete, bien in- 
tentionne et intelligent. 

Or il seroit de la plus haute importance, que vous, Monsieur, et le tres- 
honorable Lord Byron, dont le nom seul fait tout Peloge, entrassiez dans la 
commission administrative nominee par nous pour soigner les affaires des 
Philhellenes Allemands et Suisses, en Grece. Elle est composee de M. de 
Keinecke, de M. de Dittmar, de M. Bellier de Lounay, et de M. Kolbe. 
Apres avoir examine les instructions, qui vous seront communiquees par M. 
Kolbe, sans doute vous en saurez relever nos intentions ; il vous sera facile 
de modifier tout d'apres les circonstances, n'ayant en vue que le vrai bien 
de la Grece et des Philhellenes. En vous invitant d'agir de plein concert 
avec les personnes nominees par nous, nous appellons en toute chose a vo- 
tre loyaute, a vos propres lumieres, et nous sommes surs, que vous agirez 
en vrais Anglais. 

Nous n'avons rien a vous offrir, que notre reconnaisance et celle de ceux 
que vous sauvrez. La posterite jugera impartialement de notre volonte, 
de nos efforts, de nos moyens et des obstacles que nous avons braves dans 
ce siecle de fer. 

Monsieur ! ce sont des Suisses qui s'expliquent a, un Anglais dans un lan- 
gage qui leur n'est point naturel. N'importe ; le style n'y fera rien ; les 
idees, les desseins sont les memes. 

Vous nous comprendrez assez ; et vous ferez respecter et votre nom, et 
votre nation. Nous esperons que vous reussirez a executer ce que depuis 
longtems nous avions projete. 

C'est avec la plus profonde estime que nous nous signons, Monsieur, 
Vos sinceres amis, 

Le President de la Societe Philhellhene 

Centrale de la Suisse, 
Jean Henry Bremt, Chanoine, 
M. Hirzel, Secretaire, 
Jean Gaspard Oreeli, Professeur Secretaire, 

Nous vous prions encore, Monsieur, de faire tout votre possible, pour 
qu'il s'etablisse enfin une communication reguliere entre nous et la Grece, 
soit par la voie de Zante, Ancone, ou Livourne, soit meme par celle de Lon- 
dres,, 



222 APPENDIX. 

(TRANSLATION.) 

Zurich, 19th October, 1823. 

Sir, 

Is pursuance of the amicable relations which we have mutually es- 
tablished during your stay at Zurich, we address you with all the frankness 
which is due to English and Swiss loyalty united together for the same ob- 
ject, namely, to contribute to the deliverance of Greece. 

We have laid before you our reiterated attempts, our hopes, and our 
errors, which were derived only for the want of a perfect knowledge of 
the country, and of the individuals who direct the affairs of Greece. At 
the same time we still feel persuaded that we have acted advantageously on 
public opinion, and that we have really done good for the Greek nation, as 
well by sending to the theatre of war military men like General Normann, 
and the brave soldiers of Zetta, as by facilitating, at a considerable ex- 
pense, the passage of the poor fugitives from Odessa, and finally by inviting 
the English, possessed of much more ample means, to take part in our ex- 
ertions. 

Seeing now the true state of affairs, we beg of you, in a friendly manner, 
to take an interest in the fate of the German and Swiss Philhellenes, who 
passed over into Greece, either before the expedition of the late M. Ke- 
phalas, or along with him ; by contributing, as much as may be in your 
power, to get them employed in a proper manner either by the national go- 
vernment of Greece, or by the various captains, or, finally — what we should 
desire the most for their well-being — in the corps, or in the establishments, 
which it is proposed by your Committee to form. 

Even those who shall prefer returning to their own country are deserv- 
ing of your kind attentions; and, perhaps, by means of recommendations to 
the various consulates, of passports, of trifling pecuniary assistance, &c. you 
may be able in many ways to facilitate their journey, without deviating from 
your instructions. They are unhappy victims. 

Doubtless those who, faithful to their engagements and to the object 
which they originally proposed to themselves, shall remain in Greece to 
combat the Barbarians, should interest us more particularly. We therefore 
conjure you to do for these brave men all that your power and your means 
will permit, by assisting them, by employing them according to their abili- 
ties, and by protecting them from all sorts of persecutions and privations. 

With this view we communicate the detailed instructions transmitted to 
M Kolbe. named Schrader, Deputy of the Philhellene Legion, a person 
whom we judge in all respects worthy of our entire confidence, and in whom 
we are sure thatyou will find an honourable, well-intentioned, and intelli- 
gent man. 

Now it is of the highest importance that you, Sir, and the Right Hon. 
Lord Byron, whose name alone is a sufficient panegyric, should form part 
of the Administrative Commission named by us to take care of the affairs of 
the German and Swiss Philhellenes in Greece. It is composed of M. de 



APPENDIX. 223 

Reinecke, M. de Dittmar, M. Bellier de Lounay, and M. Kolbe. After hav- 
ing- examined the instructions which will be communicated to you by M. 
Kolbe, you will doubtless be able clearly to perceive our intentions ; it will 
be easy for you to modify every thing" according to circumstances, having 
in view only the true good of Greece and of the Philhellenes. In inviting 1 
you to act in perfect concert with the persons named by us, we appeal in 
every thing to your loyalty, to your own understanding ; and we are satis- 
fied that you will act like true Englishmen. 

We have nothing to offer. you but our gratitude, and that of those whom 
y6u will save. Posterity will judge with impartiality of our wishes, of our 
exertions, of our means, and of the obstacles which we have braved in this 
iron age. 

We are Swiss, Sir, who explain ourselves to an Englishman in a foreign 
language ; but, no matter ; the style is of no consequence, the ideas and the 
intentions are the same. You will sufficiently understand our meaning, and 
you will confer respect on your name and on your nation. We hope that 
you will succeed in executing what we had long projected. 
With the most profound esteem we subscribe ourselves, Sir, 
Your sincere friends, 

The President of the Phiihellene 

Central Society of Switzerland, 
J. H. Bremi, Canon, 
M. Hirzel, Secretary, 

Jean Gaspard Orelli, Professor, Secretary. 
We again beg of you, Sir, to do all in your power to effect the establish- 
ment of a regular communication between us and Greece, either by way of 
Zante, Ancona, or Leghorn, or even by that of London. 



No. 8. 

Instructions of the Swiss Committee to the General Committee in Greece, 

La Societe* Phiihellene centrale de la Suisse, apres avoir murement de* 
libere sur les communications faites par M. Kolbe, nomine Schrader, depute 
de la legion auxiliaire Allemande, en Grece, a vu avec un profond regret la 
situation critique des Allemands et des Suisses passes outre-mer ; considere 
surtout qu'ils n'ont point atteint le but qu'ils s'etoient eux-memes propose 
dans leur entreprise, non moins que les societes Philhellenes en les secou- 
rant avec tant de sacrifices pecuniaires. Or le desir le plus ardent des Co- 
mites Suisses est, que ces relations puissent se changer en mieux ; que par 
le moyen des representations faites au gouvernement national de la Grece, 
et par ^intervention des tres-honorables commissaires du Comite Phiihel- 
lene de Londres, nos Philhellenes se voient mis dans un etat plus avanta- 



224 APPENDIX. 

guex, ou ils puissent mieux cooperer a la delivrance de la Grece, soit eo 
forroant un corps a part, soit individuellement comme ingenieurs, comme 
imstructeurs ou comme ouvriers dans l'arsenal qu'on se propose d'etablir, 
ou dans les fortifications, etc. de maniere qu'enfin ils deviennent vraiment 
utiles a la Grece. 

La Societe centrale de la Suisse auroit bien desire de pouvoir contribuer 
a ce but de la maniere la plus efficace, si ses fonds n'etoient point epuises 
par l'entretien des 162 Grecs fugitifs d'Odessa ; ainsi c'est uniquement a 
Paide du Comite de Stutgard, qu'il lui est devenu possible de fixer pour les 
besoins des Philhellenes Allemands et Suisses en Grece la somme de 1000 
florins de Zurich (cent Louis) laquelle par une lettre d'echange sur Ancone 
sera encaissee et transported en Grece par M. Kolbe, nomme Schrader, de- 
pute du corps Philhellene. 

Quant a cette somme de cent Louis et aux objets expedids en Grece par 
les Comites, Pon observera les mesures suivantes : 

1. M. de Reinecke, agent des Comites, M. le Capitaine de Dittmar, M. le 
Lieutenant Colonel Bellier de Lounay, et M. Kolbe, en consultant et s'as- 
sociant les deux commissaires du Comite de Londres, savoir les tres-honora- 
bles Lord Byron et le Colonel Stanhope formeront une commission adminis- 
trative, qui deliberant a voix egales par membres disposera de tout ce qui 
sera confie a sa direction. En cas que les deux commissaires Anglais, ou 
Pun d'eux n'y voulussent prendre aucun part, la legion Philhellene nom- 
mera elle-meme a la pluralite des suffrages les deux autres membres de la 
commission. 

2. Cette commission administrative formera une liste exacte de tous les 
militaires Allemands et Suisses, qui actuellement se trouvent en Grece, 
soit qu'ils y soient arrives avec feu M. Kephalas, ou avant lui, soit qu'ils 
soient entres dans la legion Philhellene de Kephalas, ou bien dans quelque 
corps Grec, ou enfin attaches au service d'un capitaine quelconque. La 
commission calculera d'apres cette liste, quelle quote de ces 1000 florins ou 
cent Louis reviendra a chaque Philhellene par tete a parties egales. 

3. Nul Philhellene n'aura le droit de pretendre, que la quote qui lui re- 
viendra de la susdite somme, lui soit remise en argent comptant ; la commis- 
sion administrative employera plfitot cette quote avec la plus grande pre- 
caution pour satisfaire elle-meme aux besoins les plus urgents de chacun, 
soit qu'il veuille rester en Grece, soit qu'il prefere de retourner dans sa pa- 
trie. Dans ce dernier cas surtout la commission administrative employera 
la quote respective a faciliter les frais du naulage pour chacun. 

4. Siune partie des Philhellenes d^siroit de retourner, la commission ad- 
ministrative prendra toutes les mesures necessaires pour empecher qu'ils 
ne s'embarquent pas contemporanement sur un seul vaisseau pour le m^me 
port de mer; puisqu'il est indispensable, que cet embarquement se fasse 
sur plusieurs batimens et pour divers ports. 

5. La commission administrative fera toutes les demarches necessaires 
aupres du gouvernement national de la Grece, aupres du s£nat d'Hydra, et 
aupres des individus Grecs, qui jouissent de la majeure influence pour que 



APPENDIX. 225 

les clivers secours expedies en Grece par les Comites Philhellenes soient 
employes et adrninistres selon leur destination primitive. 

(a.) Les 5000 francs, que M. le Conseiller de Commerce Hoffmann a remis 
a feu M. Kephalas d'Olympe pendant son sejour a Marseille, et que !e Co- 
nrite de Darmstadt a pris sur le compte de ses propres contributions volon- 
taires, e"toient uniquement destines a servir en cas de besoin comme denier 
de reserve pour les Philhellenes Allemands et Suisses. Jamais done ils 
n'etoient la propriete particuliere de feu M. Kephalas; et par consequence 
personne n'avoit le droit de les saisir apres sa mort conjointement au reste 
de sa succession. II faudra par consequent reclamer serieusement cette 
somme et la commission l'administrera come denier de reserve pour soulager 
les Philhellenes Allemands et Suisses. 

(b.) Les draps, les habits, et les medicamens, qui se trouvent dans le ma- 
gazin fourni a l'expedition de feu M. Kephalas sont destines pour l'habille- 
ment et pour le soulagement des Philhellenes qui en auroient besoin. 

(c.) Les divers matenaux et les outils compris dans ce meme magazin 
sont destines a construire et a fabriquer, par des ouvriers habiles, les objets 
dont le corps Philhellene peut avoir besoin, ou qui pourront devenir utiles 
a la Grece delivree. 

(d.) Tant les armes envoyees en Grece conjointement au susdit magazin, 
que les 2000 fusils, les 700 gibernes, les 53 arquebuses rayees, et les instru- 
ment de musique, qui selon le regu ci-joint en copie sont arrives a Hydra, 
le 14 Avril, 1823, ont ete achetes par les Comites a Paide de contributions 
volontaires, nommement le Comite d'Aarau en Suisse a pris sur son propre 
compte 1000 fusils, dans Pintention que le gouvernement national de la 
Grece et la legion Philhellene put les remettre aux Grecs, qui disciplines a. 
PEuropdenne et combattant avec la bayonnette, auroient forme des corps 
reguliers, soit en se joignant a la legion Allemande, soit au regiment Grec. 
II est done tout a fait contraire aux vues des Comites, que ces armes se trou- 
vent encore a Hydra. C'est pourquoi la commission administrative les re- 
clamera sur le champ de la part du Senat d'Hydra, et elle les employera 
avec Pintervention du gouvernement Grec national selon la destination in- 
diquee ci-dessus. 

(e.) Les instrumens de chirurgie envoyes en Grece par les Comites ont 
ete destines a l'usage des medecins employes aupres de la legion Allemande 
ou aupres quelque corps Grec, ou au service des hopitaux. 

Les armes, les outils, les materiaux et les instrumens de chirurgie expe- 
dies en Grece par les Comites ne seront jamais vendus sous aucun pretexte ; 
mais en cas que les Philhellenes, p. e. a l'occasion de leur retour, ne fus- 
sent plus en etat d'en faire usage, ils seront remis a leur vrai proprietaire, 
savoir le gouvernement national de la Grece. 

La commission administrative se feraun devoirde donner tant aux objets 
susmentionnes, qu'aux secours qui pourroient en avenir etre envoyes en 
Grece, la direction la plus conforme au but principal des Comites* 

6. La commission tiendra compte exact des sommes, qui lui ont ete oon- 
fiees et les Allemands et les Suisses auront le droit de le voir librement 5 de 

if 



226 APPENDIX. 

s, elle ie communiquera aux Comites et les infonnera de la maniere. 

secours sus-mentionnes auront ete em: 
La commission administrative fera tout son possible, pour que les Phil- 
:ans une . convenable a 1'habilete de chacun, 

soit en formant un corps a part, soit individuellement. Si jamais des nou- 
velles avamageuses, qu'on en recerra, exciteront de nouveau Pintertt du 
e la commission aura pris les directions necessaires pour rece- 
voi: ete ce qui lui sera cnvoye de la part des Comites, comme pour 

pouvoir en disposer selon leurs ordres, alors seulement il sera possible d'en- 
„t peutetre de nouveaux secours aux Pbilhellenes. Cependant la soci- 
rale de la Suisse ne peut maintenant prendre aucun engagement 
:.r ce point. 
Not. .- e :uicoup que les obstacles, qui jusqu'a present se sont op- 

pose e des Philhellenes puissent se diminuer; que ces br^ 

restent fideles a leur premier dessein d'aider les Grecs dans leur lutte con- 
ies tyrans. Puis resolution devenir enfin vraim 
utile ■ b Grece, et faire honneur aux I qui Font secourue de toutes 
leurs forces 

D - o b = seance du 15 0: : : ore, 1823. 

Le President de la Societe Philhellenr 
-.rale de la Suisse, 
Zur Je.o- Hssbt Brlxi, Chanoine. 

19 Octobre, 15 M. Hirzil, Secretaire. 

Jeax Gaspxbd Ubelli, Profeste: 
-etaire de la Societe. 

TRANSLATION 

/ :ructicms. 

Tar Central Philhellene Society of S nd, after ha jrely 

on the communications made by M. Kolbe, named Shrader, de- 
putv of the auxiliary German Legion in Greece, has seen, with profound 
regret, the err., off the f i and Swiss who have passed 

beyond considering, that they have not attained the ob- 

ject which they had proposed to therase erprize, no 1 

than the Pbilhellene Soc eties irbidl have a;.- :3i with so manv pe 

cuniary sacrifices. Now, the most arden" 'A the Swiss Committee 

is, that these relations may be ameliorated ; that by means of representa- 
tions to the National G: :e, and by the intervention of the 
honourable agents of the Greek Committee of London, our Philhelle 
maybe placed in a more advantage: :on, in which they may more 
effectually co-operate in the deliverance of Greece, either by forming a 
separate c rps,orby acting individually as engineers, as instructors, or as 
workmen in the arsenal which it is proposed to establish, or in the fortifi- 
. that they may at length become useful to Greece. The 



APPENDIX. 227 

Central Society of Switzerland would have been anxious to contribute to 
this object in the most effectual manner, had not its funds been exhausted 
by the maintenance of 162 Greeks, fugitives from Odessa; so that it is only 
by the assistance of the Stuttgard Committee, that it has been enabled to 
raise for the necessities of the German and Swiss Philhellenes in Greece, 
the sum of 1000 florins of Zurich (a hundred Louis) which by a letter of 
exchange on Ancona will be received and transmitted to Greece, by M. 
Kolbe, named Shrader, Deputy of the Philhellene corps. 

With respect to this sum of a hundred Louis, and to the objects trans- 
mitted to Greece by the Committee, the following measures are to be ob= 
served. 

1. M. de Reinecke, agent of the Committee, Captain de Dittmar, Lieut. 
Col. Bellier de Lounay, and M. Kolbe, consulting and associating with thenv 
selves the two agents of the London Committee, that is to say, the Right 
Hon. Lord Byron and Col. Stanhope, will form an administrative commis- 
sion, which, deliberating with an equal voice in each member, will dispose 
of every thing that shall be entrusted to its direction. In case the two 
English Agents, or one of them, refuse to take any part in it, the Philhel- 
lene Legion will itself name the two other members of Commission by a 
plurality of voices. 

2. This Administrative Commission will form an exact list of all the 
German and Swiss soldiers actually in Greece, whether they arrived there 
with the late M. Kephalas, or before him, whether they have entered into 
the Philhellene Legion of M. Kephalas, or into any other Greek corps, 
or have attached themselves to the service of the Capitani. The Com- 
mission will then calculate, from this list, what portion of these 1000 florins* 
or lOOlouis, will be the share of each Philhellene, divided equally among 
them all. 

3. No Philhellene shall have any right to claim that his share of the afore- 
said sum should be paid him in ready money ; the Administrative Commis- 
sion shall rather employ this share itself, with the greatest precaution, to 
satisfy the most urgent wants of each of them, whether he chooses to re- 
main in Greece, or prefers returning to his own country. In this latter 
case, more especially, the Administrative Commission shall employ the re- 
spective shares to facilitate the expense of passage for each. 

4. If any portion of the Philhellenes is desirous of returning, the Ad- 
ministrative Commission will take the necessary steps to prevent their em- 
barkation contemporaneously in a single vessel for the same port : for it is 
indispensable that this embarkation should be effected by degrees in seve- 
ral vessels, and for different ports. 

5. The Administrative Commission will take all the necessary steps with 
the National Government of Greece, with the Senate of Hydra, and with 
those Greeks who possess the greatest influence, to ensure that the dif- 
ferent aids sent to Greece by the Philhellene Committees shall be employ* 
ed and administered according to their primary destination. 



228 APPENDIX. 

(a.) The 5000 francs remitted by M the Counsellor of Commerce, Hoff- 
mann, to the late M. Kephalas, of Olympus, during- his stay at Marseilles, 
and which the Darmstadt Committee has placed to the account of its own 
voluntary contributions, were solely destined to serve, in case of necessity, 
as a reserve for the German and! Swiss Philhellenes. Consequently they 
never became the property of the late M. Kephalas, and no person had a 
right to take possession of them after his death, conjointly with the rest of 
his effects. It will be necessary, therefore, seriously to demand this sum, 
and the Commission will administer it as a reserve for the relief of the 
German and Swiss Philhellenes. 

(b.) The cloth, dresses, and medicines, which are in the magazine, fur- 
nished to the expedition of the late M. Kephalas, are intended for the cloth- 
ing and relief of such of the Philhellenes as may be in want of them. 

(c.) The various materials and tools, contained in the same magazine, 
are intended for the construction and fabrication, by skilful workmen, of 
the objects of which the Philhellene corps may stand in need, or which may 
become useful to liberated Greece. , 

(d.) The arms transmitted to Greece, in conjunction with the aforesaid 
magazine, as well as the 2000 muskets, the 700 gibernes, the 53 rifles, and 
the musical instruments, which, according to the receipt, a copy of which 
is subjoined, arrived at Hydra, on the 14th April, 1823, were purchased by 
the Committees, with the assistance of voluntary contributions — that is to 
say, the Committee of Arau, in Switzerland, has taken on its own account 
1000 muskets, wiih the intention that the National Government of Greece 
and the Philhellene Legion should put them into the hands of the Greeks, 
who, disciplined in the European method, and fighting with the bayonet, 
would have formed regular corps, either by a union with the German Le- 
gion, or with the Greek regiment. It is then quite contrary to the views 
of the Committees that these arms should remain at Hydra. The Admi- 
nistrative Commission will therefore reclaim them immediately from the 
Senate of Hydra, and employ them, through the intervention of the National 
Greek Government, according to the destination indicated above. 

(e.) The surgical instruments sent to Greece by the Committees were 
destined for the use of the physicians employed in the German Legion, or 
in any Greek Corps, or for the service of the Hospitals. 

The arms, tools, materials, and surgical instruments, sent to Greece by 
the Committees, shall never be sold under any pretext whatever ; but in 
cas; the Philhellenes, e. g. by reason of their return, shall no longer be in 
a condition to make use of them, they shall be given up to their true pro- 
prietors, that is to say, to the National Government of Greece. 

The Administrative Commission will consider it their duty to give to the 
before-mentioned objects, as well as to the assistance which may in future 
be sent to Greece, that direction which shall be most conformable to the 
principal object of the Committees. 

6. The Commission will keep an exact account of the sums which have 
been entrusted to them, and the Germans and Swiss shall have free ac- 



APPENDIX. 229 

cess to it ; moreover it shall be communicated to the Committees, together 
with information of the mode in which the aforesaid aids shall have been 
applied. 

7. The Administrative Commission shall do all in its power to get the 
Philhellenes placed in a state of activity conformable to the abilities of 
each, either forming a separate corps or individually. If ever the good 
news which we may receive of them should excite anew the interest of the 
public, and the Commission shall have taken proper precautions to receive 
in safety whatever may be transmitted to them from the Committees, as 
well as to dispose of it according to their directions, then alone will it be 
possible to send perhaps new aids to the Philhellenes. Still the Central 
Society of Switzerland cannot at present make any positive engagement 
on this point. 

We are very desirous that the obstacles which have hitherto been op- > 
posed to the activity of the Philhellenes, may be diminished; that these 
brave men may remain faithful to their first designs of assisting the 
Greeks in their struggle with the tyrants. May this generous resolution at 
length become truly useful to Greece, and do honour to the Committees 
which have assisted her with all their might. 

Given in our sitting of the 15th October, 1823. 

The President of the Philhellene Cen- 
tral Society of Switzerland, 

Zurich, Jean Henri Bbumi, Canon. 

19th October, 1823. M. Hirzee, Secretary. 

Jean Gasjpard Orelei, Professor, 
Secretary of the Society. 



No. 9 



Lord Byron to Prince JMavrocordaio. 

Cefalonie, 2d Decembre, 1824, 

Prince, 

La presente sera remise a votre altesse par le Colonel Stanhope, 
fils du Majeur-General Comte de Harrington, etc. etc. II est arrive de 
Londres pour cinquante jours, apres avoir visite tous les com: e 
magne. II est charge" de notre comite d'operer a ma compagnie a b 
ration de la Grece. Je crois que son nomet sa mission le recoon t 

suffisamment a votre altesse, sans qu'il ait besoin d'autres recoup 5 

d'un etranger, quoi qu'il respecte et admire avec toute PEurope, i , 

les talens, et surtout la probite, du Prince Mavrocordato 

II me deplait beaucoup d'entendre qne les dissensions continue I 
dans la Grece, et dans un moment ouelle pourroit trionfer detout 
ral, comrae elle a deja triomfe a part. 



230 APPENDIX. 

La Grece est mise a present entre trois partis : ou reconquerir la liberty 
ou devenir une ddpendance des souverains d'Europe, ou tourner une 
province Turcque, et il ne lui reste que de saisir un de ces trois partis. 
Mais la guerre civile n'est qu'une route pour les dt;ux derniers. Si elle a 
envie de la sort de Valachie et de la Crime\ elle peut l'obtenir demain ; si 
de celle d'llalie apres demain; mais si elle veut devenir la veritable Grece, 
libre toujours et independante, il faut qu*elle se determine auj our d'hui, ou elle 
n'aura plus le terns de le faire a jamais. 

Je suis, avec tout le respect, 

De votre altesse obeissant serviteur, 

N. B. 

P. S. Votre altesse saura deja que j'ai cherche de contenter aux re- 
cherches du gouvernment Grec, tant qu'il etoit a man pouvoir ; mais je 
voudrois bien que cette flotte, deja si long terns attendue et toujours en vain, 
fut arrivee, ou au moins qu'elle fut en route, et surtout que votre altesse 
s'approche de ces parts, ou sur la flotte avec une mission publique, ou en 
quelque autre faucon. 

TRANSLATION. 

Cephalonia, 2d December, 1823. 

Prince, 

The present will be put into your hands by Colonel Stanhope, son 
of Major-General the Earl of Harrington, &c. &c. He has arrived from 
London for fifty days, after having visited all the Committees of Germany. 
He is charged by our Committee to act in concert with me for the libera- 
tion of Greece. 1 conceive that his name and his mission will be a sufficient 
recommendation, without the necessity of any other from a foreigner, 
although one, who, in common with all Europe, respects and admires the 
courage, the talents, and, above all, the probity of Prince Mavrocordato. 

I am very uneasy at hearing that the dissensions of Greece still continue, 
and at a moment when she might triumph over every thing in general, as 
she has already triumphed in part. Greece is, at present, placed between 
three measures ; either to re-conquer her liberty, or to become a depend- 
ence of the sovereigns of Europe, or to return to a Turkish province : she 
has the choice only of these three alternatives. Civil war is but a road 
which leads to the two latter. If she is desirous of the fate of Wallachia 
and the Crimea, she may obtain it to-morrow ,• if that of Italy, the day after; 
but if she wishes to become truly Greece, free and independent, she must re- 
solve to-day, or she will never again have the opportunity. 
I am, with due respect, 

Your highness's obedient servant, 

N. B. 

P. S. Your highness will already have known that I have sought to ful- 
fil the wishes of the Greek government, as much as it laid in my power to 
do ; but I should wish that the fleet, so long and so vainly expected, were 



APPENDIX. 231 

arrived, or at least, that it were on the way, and especially that your high- 
ness should approach these parts either on board the fleet, with a public 
mission, or in some other manner. 



No. 10. 

Lord Ershine to Prince Mavrocordato . 

London, September 16th, 1823. 

Sir, 

The letter which your Excellency did me the great and unmerited 
honour to write to me by Mr. Blaquiere, on his return to England, gave me 
inexpressible satisfaction. 

My abhorrence of the Ottoman domination, and my unalterable confi- 
dence in the re-establishment of ancient Greece, under the Christian dis- 
pensation, are not of a late date. Many years before the descendants of 
that illustrious people were in a condition to combine successfully against 
their infamous oppressors, even in my very dawn of life, I constantly look- 
ed forward, with feverish impatience, for their deliverance. 

The Greeks ought never to have been assimilated by the nations of Eu- 
rope to those colonies they had planted, which in our own times have cast 
off their allegiance to their parent states. At what periods and under what 
circumstances these great changes have taken place, and whether to be 
condemned, or justified and applauded, could have no reference to your 
ancient nation asserting its primitive independence; neither could the 
commotions in Naples, nor the discontents under European governments, 
have any possible relation to the war of Greece. The Greeks were not 
planted, nor colonised, nor ever protected by the Ottoman Porte ; nor can 
I consider the Turkish rule as one to which nations, in the ordinary history 
of the world, have so often, through warfare, become subject, nor have 
they been governed when subjected according to the laws and customs of 
civilized states. I consider, on the contrary, her tyrannous usurpation and 
desolation as only an awful and mysterious dispensation of the Divine Pro- 
vidence, permitting', for an appointed period, the disastrous overthrow of 
one of the finest portions of the earth, obstructing, during this portentous 
eclipse, the progress of that promised light and knowledge of Christian 
redemption, the consummation of which one would have thought to have 
been an event deeply interesting to all Christian states. To the princes, 
therefore, on the continent of Europe, who have left you to be so long- 
persecuted, and but for your own matchless valour, even to every man, wo- 
man, and child, inhumanly butchered, you had given no manner of offence, 
nor could they impute to you any purpose or thought of injuring them, by 
seeking to secure your independence. Your resistance to a most insuffer- 



232 APPENDIX. 

able tyranny happened only, and altogether by accident, to have been co- 
temporary with a system which they themselves had confederated to estab- 
lish ; viz. that the world throughout should continue for ever in its present 
state, except under their immediate direction, and that crimes and follies 
should have no consequences : but, as the Greeks owed no allegiance to 
these distant sovereigns they were not bound to subscribe to tenets so no- 
vel, however patronised. In their admirable address to the princes at Verona 
on this subject, they have unanswerably disconnected Greece with all that 
could justify the rejection of their eloquent and affecting application for sup- 
port; but I hope it will not be forgotten that Great Britain, though present by 
ministers at that congress, was not a party to it, and cannot therefore be 
charged with having insulted the sacred cause of humanity and justice by such 
a cold blooded, disgraceful, and disgusting silence. I advert to this, because 
I most anxiously wish to draw you closer every hour to my beloved country, 
renowned during so many ages for spreading the blessings of religion and 
freedom to the uttermost ends of the earth. Be assured that there is but 
one heart and soul and one voice amongst us for your final triumph, al- 
though at the outset of your glorious resistance there were difficulties in 
the way of a direct and immediate national support, originating in events 
much more remote than the period of your confederacy. The Ottoman 
Porte ought, in my opinion, to have been always considered in the light in 
which I have ever viewed it, and ought never to have been received into 
the communion of civilized states; but a different course having been for 
centuries pursued, and treaties being consequently on foot, obstacles were 
in the way of a sudden departure from a long established system, though so 
impolitic and erroneous. But now that Greece has become a nation out of 
all reach of re-conquest, and has established a regular government, — now 
that the Forte cannot contend that she has any dominion, either de jure or 
de facto, over her, I cannot think it consistent with our national character to 
permit such an infernal source of bloodshed and desolation to continue ; and 
as our statesmen must besides speedily discover that British interests are 
now inseparably interwoven with your security and advancement, £ cannot 
but encourage you to hope (though I speak from no authority nor from any 
knowledge of the designs of government) that a recognition of the con- 
federated Greeks cannot be very distant. Speaking for myself, I pray God 
that I may live to see your infant navies undisturbed throughout the whole 
Archipelago, and the friendly flag of Great Britain bearing the commerce 
of the world into all the harbours of Greece. It is no figure, sir, when I 
express a hope that I may see this, because if it should happily take place 
during my short remaining time, nothing should prevent me from seeing 
it; and, were I in the hour of death, I should rejoice in a spectacle so in- 
dicative of future peace upon earth and so consolatory to humanity and 
justice. I have the more confidence, sir, in this happy change, from the 
devout and affecting appeals to the Almighty God for succour a-id protec- 
tion against your infidel oppressors, with which, amidst so many ^nfTenngs 
and successes, you appear to have organized your government, as they now 



APPENDIX. £33 

Ke before me, having been published by our Greek Committee. Such ap- 
peals, if upheld, as I am sure they will be, with corresponding faithfulness, 
cannot be made in vain. No people upon earth had ever more need of Divine 
assistance, nor ought to have greater confidence in the deliverance they 
pray for, since, as all human changes, though under the superintendance of 
a beneficent providence, will most probably, by human means, be accom- 
plished, the otherwise unaccountable fortitude, skill, and patience with 
which your highly-gifted people have started up on a sudden to rival even 
the most memorable acts of their illustrious fathers, seem like the forecast 
of an irresistible conclusion. My letter, sir, which you will see has been 
written in too much haste, will be delivered to your Excellency by the 
Honourable Colonel Stanhope, who, since Mr. Blaquiere has returned for 
the present to England, has most generously undertaken to assist our 
Committee by his presence amongst you :— he is a most accomplished per- 
son, a son of the Earl of Harrington, a man of high rank in our nobility, 
whose family I have long held in sincere friendship and respect. 

I am not President of the Greek Committee, as you consider me in your 
letter to be ; we are all equal, taking it in our turns to preside, according 
to the accidents of attendance and the convenience of those present, and 
in that character I suppose the proceedings were signed by me which were 
forwarded to Greece. The letter to Mr. Luriottis and the published 
one to the Earl of Liverpool were only from myself. In the same 
manner my friend, Joseph Hume, M. P. presided at our last meeting; 
and, as your interesting letter was intended for the whole Committee, 
though addressed personally to myself, I was desired by him to answer 
it; and I much regret that the sudden departure of Colonel Stanhope be- 
fore our next sitting deprived me of the opportunity of presenting it for 
his approbation and that of the other members then present ; but I per- 
suade myself that I have expressed their sentiments, though they might 
have been much better expressed by the President for the day himself, who 
has devoted much of his valuable time and talents to all the objects of our 
Committee, though unceasingly employed in every important business of 
Parliament, and indefatigably engaged besides in promoting every useful 
improvement throughout our country. Indeed, his warm and active zeal 
in your cause increases my confidence in the usefulness of our devotion to 
the interests of Greece. 

I have the honour lo be, 
With many thanks, and with the highest respect, 

Your Excellency's most faithful servant. 

Ersktxe. 
3 oh* Bo writs' g, Hon. Sec, 



K g 



234 APPENDIX. 

No. 11. 

Premiere Session du Comite General en Grece. 

Missolonghi, 16th Dec. 1823. 
President. Colonel De Lounay. 
JHembres. Colonel L. Stanhope. 
„ Lieutenant L. A. Kolbe. 

1. On a resolu que pour Fabsence de Mon. Reinecke, le Docteur Jean 
Jacques Mayer, sera accepte comme le quatrieme membre du comite. 

2. Le Colonel Stanhope propose de former un corps de 50 Allemands, 
pour faire le service comme artilleristes et aides dans le laboratoire apres 
avoir eu la permission et la parole du Prince Mavrocordato que la subsist* 
ance necessaire pour un tel corps sera assuree pour un an. Pour l'etablisse- 
ment de ce corps Mons. le Colonel Stanhope offre cent livres sterling, paya- 
bles par des installments chaque mois, pourvu que ce corps soit sujette' a 
une discipline rigide et a quelque code railitaire. 

Cette resolution fut unanimement acceptee. 

3. Le corps sera rassemble a Missolonghi, et la solde commencera le 1 
Fevrier. M. Kolbe est charge de la commission de rassembler les individus 
que seront choisis par le comite. 

4. Les individus ci apres sont acceptes par le comite pour former le 
corps. 

Le Capt. Parky, Inspecteur. Mons. Sass, Lieutenant. 

Mons. Deutsch, Commandant. „ Kindermann, Adjutant. 

„ Hutzelberg, Capitaine. „ Neterzeba, Seiy. JMajor. 

5. Resolu par le comite que tous les Allemands seront rassembles a Mis- 
solonghi, une partie pour la formation du corps ci-dessus propose, et partie 
pour etre renvoyee en Allemagne. 

(Signe) Marq.. Bellier de Lounay, 
Dr. Mater. 
L. A. Kolbe. 
Leicester Stanhope. 

(TRANSLATION.) 

First Session of the General Committee in Greece. 

Missolonghi, 16th Dec. 1823 
President. Colonel De Lottnay. 
Members. Colonel L. Stanhope. 

Lieutenant L. A. Kolbe. 

1. It was resolved, that, during the absence of M, de Reinecke, Dr. 



APPENDIX. 



235 



Jean Jacques Meyer shall be accepted as the fourth member of this Com- 
mittee. 

2. Colonel Stanhope proposes the formation of a corps of fifty Germans, 
to serve as artillerymen and assistants in the laboratory, after having- ob- 
tained the permission and the promise of Prince Movrocordato, that the 
subsistence necessary for such a corps shall be secured to them for one 
year. Towards the establishment of this corps, Colonel Stanhope offers 
a hundred pounds sterling 1 , payable by monthly instalments, provided 
the corps shall be subjected to a rigid discipline and to some military 
code. 

This resolution was unanimously adopted. 

3. The corps shall be assembled at Missolonghi, and their pay shall com- 
mence from the 1st February. M. Kolbe is charged with the commission 
to assemble the individuals who shall be selected by the Committee. 

4. The following individuals are approved of by the Committee, to form 
the corps : 

Captain Parry, Inspector. Mons. Sass, Lieutenant. 

Mons. Deutsch, Commander. „ Kuntdermann, Adjutant. 

j, Hutzeeberg, Captain. „ Neterzeba, Serj. Major. 

5. Resolved, by the Committee, that all the Germans shall be assembled 
at Missolonghi, part for the formation of the proposed corps, and part to be 
sent back to Germany. 

(Signed) Marq.. Beelier de Lounay. 

Dr. Meyer. 
L. A. Koebe. 
Leicester Stanhope. 



No. 12. 

Seconde Session du Comite Generale en Grece. 

Missolonghi, 17 Dec. 1823. 

Le Comite a charge M. le Dr. Meyer de parler a M. le Prince Mavrocor- 
dato pour les effets qui se trouvent a Hydra, consistant en deux mille fusils, 
sept cent vingt-cinq gibernes, quatre-vingt-douze instruments de musique, 
soixante sept fusils balle forcee, une machine atourner avectous ses outils, 
tous les outils necessaires pour menuisiers, forgerons, et forgerons d'armes, 
une quantite de feret de l'acier, poudre-a-canon et fusil, deux tonneaux de 
pierre-a-feu, une grande quantite de cuir, &c. &c. Aussi pour es 5000 
francs qui se trouvent de feu M. Kephalas dans les caisses du commandant 
de Napoli di Romania, et qui ont ete jusqu'a present inutilement reclame 
de MM. Reinecke et Ditmar, — Acceptee. 



236 APPENDIX, 

La Comite a resolu de nommer comrae des aides pour le Commissaire de 
la Guei-re, Monsieur Demetry Deliorgi et Monsieur le Capitaine de Port, 
Monsieur Demetry Sideri, tous les Deux de Missolonghi, les patents seront 
faits et delivres a ces deux individus. — Resolue et acceptee. 

(Signe) Leicester Stanhope. 

L. A. Kolbe. 
1)b. Meter. 
Marq.. Bellier de Lounay. 

TRANSLATION. 

Second Session of the General Committee in Greece. 

Missolonghi, 17th Dec. 1823. 

The Committee has charged Dr. Meyer to speak to Prince Mavro- 
cordato for the restitution of the effects at Hydra, consisting- of 2000 mus- 
kets, 725 gibernes, 92 musical instruments, 67 rifles, a turning-lathe with 
all its tools, all the tools necessary for carpenters, smiths, and gunsmiths, a 
quantity of iron and steel, and of gunpowder, two tons of flint, a large 
quantity of leather, &c. Also, for the 5000 francs of the late M. Kephalas, 
in the coffers of the Commandant of Napoli di Romania, and which have 
hitherto been in vain reclaimed by MM. de Reinecke and Dittmar. — Ap- 
proved. 

The Committee has resolved to name as assistants to the Commissary 
of War, M. Demetrius Deliorgi, and the Captain of the Port, M. Demetrius 
Sideri, both of Missolonghi. Patents shall be made out and delivered to 
these two individuals. — Resolved and approved. 

(Signed) Leicester Stanhope. 

L. A. Kolbe. 

Dr. Meyer. 

Marq.. Bellier de Lounay. 



No. 13. 

Troisieme Session du Comite General en Grece. 

Missolonghi, 20th December, 1823. 
Mons. Meyer a propose au Comite General en Grece, de preter a S. E. 
Alex. Mavrocordato, President du Corps Legislatif, la somme de 5000 pias- 
tres pour le payemsnt tres pressant de la flotte Grecque devant Missolonghi, 
Par le Moyen de cette somme il s'engage d'entretenir 7 batiments Grecques, 
pour le blocus de Patras et Lepanto pendant 2 mois, et meme Mons. Mavro- 
cordato's obligera par ecrit de rembourser la somme susdit de 5000 piastres 
au Comite General apres avoir regu l'emprunt promis par Lord Byron. 



APPENDIX. 237 

Le Comite General ay ant considere la susdite proposition est d'opinion 
que le moment pressantdes choses 1'engage de preter cette somme de p, 
5000 a M. Mavrocordato, pourvu que le Col. L. Stanhope garantisse au Co- 
mite le remboursement. Le Col. L. Stanhope, considerant ^importance de 
cette proposition a decide de faire la garantie susdite ; et Mons. Mavrocor- 
dato doit deposer au Comite une quittance suivant la proposition et les 
garanties ci-dessus. 

[Suivent les signatures.] 

TRANSLATION. 

Third Session of the General Committee in Greece. 

Missolonghi, 20th Dec. 1823. 

M. Meyer proposed to the General Committee in Greece to lend 
to his Excellency Alex. Mavrocordato, the sum of 5000 piastres, for the very 
urgent payment of the Greek fleet before Missolonghi. By means of this 
sum, he engages to maintain seven Greek vessels for the blockade of Patras 
and Lepanto for two months, and M. Mavrocordato will even oblige himself, 
in writing, to reimburse the aforesaid sum of 5000 piastres to the General 
Committee, after having received the loan promised by Lord Byron. 

The General Committee, having taken the aforesaid proposition into con- 
sideration, is of opinion that the urgent necessity of affairs engages them to 
lend this sum of 5000 piastres to M. Mavrocordato, provided Colonel Stan- 
hope will guarantee its reimbursement to the Committee. Colonel Stan- 
hope, considering the importance of the proposition, has resolved to give 
the aforesaid guarantee ; and M. Mavrocordato will deposit with the Com- 
mittee a receipt, in conformity with the above propositions and guaran- 
tees. 

[The signatures follow as before.] 



No. 14, 

Receipt in Answer to the same from Prince Mavrocordato, 

Le soussigne declare avoir recu du Comite General en Grece et pour le 
besoin tres pressant des depenses de la flotte Grecque devant Missolonghi, 
la somme de deux cent et trente ducats (c'est a dire 200 d. a 5 flor. 52 krz. 
et 30 d. hoi. a 5 flor. 48 krz. en tout, 1240 flor. 20 krz, du Rhin,) en don- 
nant sur mon honneur au dit comite la garantie formelle de rembouser 
cette somme en ducats Hollandais? ou Yenitiens, ou du Pape s de celle pretce 



238 APPENDIX. 

ail gouvernment Grec, par sa seigneurie mil Lord Byron pour le maintieii 
de cette flotte et sa co-operation au blocus de Lepanto et de Patras. 

En foi de quoi j'ai signe la presente obligation, et j'y ai appose le sceau 
de mes armes. 

(Signe) A. Mavrocordato. 

Missolonghi, le 9-21 Dec. 1823. 

TRANSLATION. 

The undersigned declares that he has received from the General Com- 
mittee in Greece, for the very urgent necessities of the expenses of the 
Greek fleet before Missolonghi, the sum of two hundred and thirty ducats, 
(that is to say, 200 ducats at 5 florins 52 kreutzers, and 30 Dutch ducats 
at 5 florins 48 kreutzers, in all 1240 florins 20 kreutzers of the Rhine,) giv- 
ing, on my honour, to the said Committee, a formal guarantee to reimburse 
the same in Dutch, Venetian, or Papal ducats, from the sum lent to the go- 
vernment by Lord Byron, for the maintenance of this fleet, and its co-ope- 
ration in the blockade of Lepanto and Patras. In faith of which I have 
signed the present obligation, and have affixed to it the seal of my arms. 

(Signed) A. Mavrocordato. 

Missolonghi, 9-21 December, 1823. 



No. \5. 
From Jeremy Bentham, Esq. to Colonel Stanhope. 

Queen's-Square-Place, Westminster, 
23d September, 1823. 

My dear Sir, 

In regard to the Greek boys for Hazlewood School, to prevent 
misconception and misrecollection, the following are the obligations I am 
willing and desirous to take upon myself on that account. 

If a boy is consigned to me by you, with his charges to London defrayed, 
and I. in hand for a year's schooling, I will charge myself with the ex- 
pense of sending him back to some port in Greece or the Ionian Islands, at 
the end of that time, which I shall do accordingly, unless a remittance to 
the same amount reaches me before that time : and so from year to year 
until his education and instruction is regarded as finished, or he is deemed 
unfit for the purpose ; or if, after the first year, the remittances come half- 
yearly, it will be sufficient. 

To provide for the case of his being found unapt, I must reserve to myself 



APPENDIX. 239 

the power of sending the boy back at any time. I will, in that case, return 
the money in my hands, after deducting the charge of his maintenance up to 
that time ; as also half the expense of his conveyance back as above, the 
other half remaining as a charge upon me, will, I suppose, be accepted as 
a sufficient security against arbitrary conduct on my part in that respect. 

You have the printed account of the terms; but in these, I believe, nei- 
ther drawing nor French are included, both which I should regard as ne- 
cessary, and music as desirable : dancing alone as a useless consumption of 
lime and money in this case. Fifty pounds per annum includes every thing 
but clothes, and, I believe, payment for the vacation time of the year, which, 
if I do not misrecollect, is two months or two months and a half. 

Clothing could not be set at less than 151. a-year. This will make 651. 
in the whole. But rather than miss of a promising subject, I would charge 
myself with, say from 151. to 201. a-year of the expense. Something should 
come from the parents, as a sort of security for aptitude on the part of the 
child. 

I would take two upon this same footing, provided they do not come 
together, but one after the other, at a small interval. If they come together, 
or stay long together before they reach the school, they will, of course, be 
talking together, and learn very little of the English language, in com- 
parison of what they would learn if separate. 

I cannot, of course, positively undertake for it ; but part of my plan 
would be to have one or both of them, though not together, some part of 
their vacation time at my house ; in which case I should have to pay the 
expense of their journeys to and fro. 

You will see how necessary it is, considering how little dependence can 
be placed on remittances from a country so circumstanced, that the master 
of the school should be exempted from the danger of having upon his 
hands a boy, whom in no case he could get rid ofj without such an expense 
as the above. But, should the boy turn out well, and stay with him three 
or four years, he might, perhaps, at the end of that time, retain him as an 
assistant, and his service in that capacity might be an equivalent for the 
expense. 

If a boy arrive, I should immediately take care to make provision for my 
death, by charging with the business my executor, a most honourable and 
trust-worthy person. 

With the truest respect, I am, 

Most affectionately yours, 

Jeremy Bentham, 
Hon. Leicester Stanhope, 

?. S. By Mr. Bowring's consent the boys may be consigned to him. 



240 APPENDIX, 



No. 16. 



From Lord Byron to Colonel Stanhope. 

Scrofer, or some such name, on board a 
Cephaloniote Mistice, Dec. 31st, 1823. 

My dear Stanhope, 

We are just arrived here, that is, part of my people and I, with 
some things, &c. and which it may be as well not to specify in a letter, 
(which has a risk of being" intercepted, perhaps,) but Gambaand my horses, 
negro, steward, and the press, and all the Committee things, also some eight 
thousand dollars of mine, (but never mind, we have more left : — do you 
understand ?) are taken by the Turkish frigates, and my party and myself, 
in another boat, have had a narrow escape last night, (being close under 
their stern, and hailed, but we would not answer and bore away,) as well as 
this morning. Here we are, with sun and clearing weather, within a pretty 
little port enough ; but whether our Turkish friends may not send in their 
boats and take us out, (for we have no arms, except two carbines and some 
pistols, and, I suspect, not more than four fighting people on board,) is an- 
other question, especially if we remain long here, since we are blocked out 
of Missolonghi by the direct entrance. You had better send my friend 
George Drake, and a body of Suliots, to escort us by land, or by the canals, 
with all convenient speed. Gamba and our Bombard are taken into Patras, 
I suppose, and we must take a turn at the Turks to get them out : but 
where the devil is the fleet gone ? the Greek I mean, leaving us to get in 
without the least intimation to take heed that the Moslems were out again. 
Make my respects to Mavrocordato, and say, that I am here at his disposal. 
I am uneasy at being here ; not so much on our own account as on that of 
a Greek boy with me, for you know what his fate would be; and I would 
sooner cut him in pieces and myself too, than have him taken out by those 
barbarians. We are all very well. 

Yours, Sec. 

N. B. 

P. S. The Bombard was twelve miles out when taken, at least so it ap- 
peared to us, (if taken she actually be, for it is not certain,) and we had to 
escape from another vessel that stood right in between us and the port. 



APPENDIX 241 



No. 17. 



Missolonghi, 6th February, 1224. 

Proceedings of a Committee, held by order of Lord Byron, for the purpose of 
considering what Ammunitions and warlike Stores are required for the Siege 
of Lepanto. 

Members— Colonel Stanhope, Capt. Parry, Lieutenant Kindermann^ 
and M. Luriotti. 

The Committee solicit M. Luriotti to state what stores and ammunitions 
are at present available at Missolonghi. 

Answer — There are 45 cannons ; viz. one of 48, one of 36, two of 22, four 
of 18, of which three are howitzers, one of 16, four of 12, five of 9, two of 7, 
fifteen of 6, and nine of 4; also one mortar of 40 pounds calibre. 

There are 200 balls of 48 pounds ; one hundred of 36, one hundred and 
fifty of 22, three hundred of 18, fifty of 16, and eighty of 12. Of cannister 
shot there are about 3300 pounds; one hundred howitzer balls of 18, and 
about twenty shells of 40 pounds. 

There are about 6600 pounds of powder. 

Musket Balls. There are 22 cases and 3000 cartridges. 

There are 4500 pounds of lead. 

Working Tools. There are about 30, 10 hatchets, and 10 barrows. 

There are no ladders, and none but green wood to make ladders of. 

Sappers, miners, &c. may be had. 

The gun-carriages all require repair. 

The Committee is of opinion that the materials of war specified are in- 
sufficient to undertake a siege, and that to prepare materials would require 
much time. 

The Committee is further of opinion that the artillery should be speedily 
drilled, that six 3-pounders should be prepared with the necessary ammu- 
nition, that thirty escalading ladders should be got ready, and that the force 
should in about a fortnight proceed to the blockade of Lepanto. This 
force should attempt to surprise. In the mean time, endeavours should be 
made to procure four 18 or 12 pounders from Corinth, and to get ready 
the rockets and mine the works. The town might then be fired and taken, 



m h 



242 APPENDIX. 

No, 18. 

TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK 

Provisional Government or Greece. 

The Executive Body to the Eon, Colonel Stanhope, 

We have received your letter of the 16th Dec. 1823, [vide p. 44,] with 
the enclosed from Lord Erskine and Lord Byron. The government regrets 
not having had the pleasure of receiving you ; but it consoles itself with 
the news of your arrival at Missolonghi, and of your having entered into 
the sacred cause of Greece, from which it anticipates the wished-for suc- 
cess. 

The government being well acquainted with the virtuous and philanthro- 
pic character of the powerful British nation, not only does not conceive the 
slightest suspicion with regard to its conduct on the independence of 
Greece, but, on the contrary, it is persuaded that, under the protection of 
your nation, that independence will be established, the muses will revive in 
their sacred temples, and generations of Greeks, grateful for these benefits, 
will not cease to address to it their thanks. 

It is true, that some disorders and dissensions exist among the Greeks, 
but the wise man justifies them by a reference to the condition in which 
they were plunged but four years ago, and the eye of the philosopher re- 
gards them as a consequence physically necessary after such grand politi- 
cal events. But the government hopes by its vigilance, and by the advice 
and solicitations of the Philanthropists and Philhellenes, to appease them 
by degrees. 

Continue, then, Sir, your sacred undertaking for the benefit of Greece, 
\nd neither the government, nor the nation, nor Greece, will ever show 
Tiselves ungrateful towards their benefactors. 

The President of the Executive. 
L. S.) George CoxDrRioTxr. 

Ghicas Botassi. 
John Coletti. 
The Provisional Secreta 
P G. Rom. 
Cranidi, lTth January, 1324. 



APPENDIX. 243 

No. 19. 

TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

Provisional Government of Greece. 

The Executive Body to the Bon- Colonel Stanhope. 

We have received your letter of the 20th Dec. 1823, [vide p. 58,] the 
contents of which clearly show your good and generous intentions towards 
Greece. The Hellenic government is not ignorant how useful in a state is 
the circulation of ideas by means of a post ; but the circumstances which 
concur when a people take up arms to shake off the yoke of a horrible 
tyranny, often oppose invincible obstacles to the execution of this desirable 
object. 

The government will, however, take this so useful proposition into con- 
sideration, and will give you the necessary information on the subject. 

The President of the Executive. 
(L. S.) George Condfriotti. 

Ghicas Botassi. 

John Coletti. 

The Provisional Secretary. 

P. G. Roidt. 

Cranidi, 17th January, 1824. 



No. 20. 

TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK, 

Provisional Government of Greece. 

The Executive Body to the Hon. Col. Stanhope. 

The government has learned from your letter of the 7th January, [vide 
p. 73,] that the Greek Committee of England has sent out a number of 
presses, with the good intention of spreading the intelligence of the nine- 
teenth century over Greece, plunged as it is in ignorance by the most bar- 
barous of tyrannies. These are sentiments truly philanthropic ! These are 
sentiments which are pleasing before God, and worthy of true Christians ! 
The benevolent Committee already receives the sincere thanks of every 



244 APPENDIX. 

Greek, and we beg of you, of you also to be the messenger of our grati- 
tude. 

Send us one of them, we intreat, as soon as possible, and have the good- 
ness to lend it to the government of Greece, which, desiring the happiness 
of its people, will take care to establish it, and to put it-in a state of useful 
activity. We have thought capable of conducting this enterprize, M. Theo- 
clitus Farmachidi, now living in Cefalonia, who has the necessary talent 
and even practice to publish a Gazette. 

We enclose a letter of invitation to Him, which we beg of you to forward 
without delay. 

The President of the Executive. 
(L. S.) George Condtjiuotti. 

Ghicas Botassi. 

John Coletti. 

The Provisional Secretary. 

P. G. Roin. 

Cranidi, 17th Jan. 1824. 



No. 21, 



Capt. Parry's Plan for placing the Fortress of JVlissolonghi and the Harbour 
in a State of efficient Defence. 

To effect this object, Capt. Parry requires that the Prince Mavrocordato 
shall place one thousand dollars at his disposal, also a sufficient quantity of 
wood. 

Capt. P. will then take into pay a corps of sappers, miners, and cannon- 
eers. This shall consist of a quarter-master, four overseers, or sergeants, 
and fifty good workmen, chiefly sailors, &c. These men will be employed in 
the laborator} 7 , in constructing the fortifications, &c. The quarter- master 
will receive 5 dollars, the sergeants, 4 dollars each, and the men, 3 dollars 
each. 

Capt. P. will place the fortifications in a state of defence. He will 
make a traverse on every battery, and will place an ammunition-chest 
under each of them, which shall contain rounds of powder in cartridges 
for each gun, wads, &c- He will put all the guns and platforms in repair, 
and furnish rammers and caps for the guns. 

Capt. P. will furnish 100 rounds of powder cartridges for each gun on the 
fortress ; also 5000 rounds of ball-cartridges for small arms. 



APPENDIX. 245 

When the forges are up he will run the old iron into shot and make grape 

shot. 

Capt. P. will fit up two gun boats, if the materials are furnished to him. 
He will make cannonade slides on them, arrange them for oars, and make a 
grate in one of them for heating shot. 

Capt. P. will also complete the laboratory and render it fit for manufac- 
turing ammunition and materials for war. 

Wood being provided, Capt. Parry will construct a safe powder-magazine. 
All these measures, Capt. Parry undertakes to effect at the trifling expense 
of 1000 dollars. 



No. 21.* 

From . 

Athens, 6th March, 1824. 
Dear Sir, 

I am sorry to have occasion to trouble you with an account of a most 
unpleasant affair, that happened here a few days since. — "The Hind," Lord 
J. Churchill, arrived here, and he and his officers came up to visit the autho- 
rities. They were received by Ulysses with every demonstration of re- 
spect, and every facility was offered them. In return for his civility, Lord 
J. invited Ulysses on board, as well as Mr. Trelawny, Dr. Tindall, and my- 
self, the three English Philhellenes here. The Greeks were shown the ship, 
after which they were invited to a repast, at which more wine was drank 
than accorded with discretion. Fearing some drunken quarrel, I got them 
on deck, and we retired to the after-cabin for coffee. At this moment, the 
ship was got under weigh, and put to sea. I used all my endeavours, as 
well as did the first lieutenant and others, to prevent this rash act, but to 
no purpose ; fori well knew that the impression it would make on the minds 
of the Greeks would be that they were going to carry them off, and that 
they would even suspect me and the other two Englishmen as parties con- 
cerned in the supposed treachery : nay, 1 represented to him that, by such 
an act he was endangering our lives, as, it was possible, the first act of theirs 
on landing would be to shoot us; however, all to no purpose. Ulysses bad 
about thirty soldiers on board, who, armed as usual, remained near their 
chief, and, seeing the ship under sail, they put themselves in an attitude of 
defence, and I expected, every instant, to see them fire, for no attention was 
paid to the reiterated demand to be put on shore. Goorha cut the tiller 
ropes, in hopes of getting the ship on shore. At length, however, the 
Greeks scrambled, as well as they could, into the boats, and got on shore. 
In the hurry, some capotes, &c. were left on board the ship, and, for the 
restoration of these, the "Hind's" boats were detained on shore by Ulysses. 



246 APPENDIX. 

Thus all Lord J. Churchill obtained by this unwarrantable trick, was to have 
this insult placed upon the British flag-. When we English landed we were 
not without apprehensions for our personal safety; however, I am happy to 
state, for the honour of the Greeks, that we passed exempt from all suspi- 
cions. You know the Greeks; therefore, I shall not mention, as an extra- 
ordinary circumstance, that all endeavours to persuade them that there was 
no intention to carry them off, are fruitless. The ship being from Smyrna, 
they insist she was employed by the Turks to carry off Ulysses. Thus, in- 
dependent of the ill-timed folly of Lord J. in exposing our lives, he has cre- 
ated suspicions in the minds of the Greeks against the English, and that at 
a time when, of all others, it was the most to be avoided. I am aware that 
Lord J.'s intentions were good, but that is no excuse : in his situation his 
actions ought to reply to his intentions, or he is not fit to command a ship 
of war. 

Ulysses has requested me to send to England a sketch of this event, as 
well as a copy of a letter he has caused to be written to Captain Clifford, 
the senior officer on this station, that they may both be inserted in the En- 
glish newspapers. "Well knowing your devotedness to the Greek cause, as 
well as your disposition to oblige me, I take the liberty of sending you these 
two documents. The Turks are said to be making great preparations for 
the ensuing campaign : two armies, of 40,000 men each, are to march, aided 
bv a formidable fleet. I think the next campaign will prove what I have so 
long uselessly advanced, that the fate of Greece depends on the navy, and, 
accordingly, that a steam-vessel, armed as I propose, is the only likely way 
of doing something decisive at sea, without which all efforts on shore must 
prove fruitless. I have already written to you on the subject, offering to 
contribute a thousand pounds towards an equipment, such as I explained to 
you when at Tripolitza, on condition that I may have the command of the 
same. If the Committee have not the means to furnish the remaining sum, 
I think it might be had in this way, either by a loan, or by a particular loan 
for that purpose, to be repaid out of a sum set apart from any prizes taken. 
At all events, I shall be in England in about five months, when I shall see 
you on the subject, and use my utmost endeavours to execute this project. 
'Tis almost the only way of saving Greece. 

I remain 

Yours, very truly, 



APPENDIX 24f 

No. 22. 
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREER. 

From General Odysseus to Colonel Stanhope, 

Vrissachia, 20th March, 1824. 
Noble Sir, 

I have received your two letters, and request you will lose no time 
in the establishment of the printing press, which will have the power of ex- 
posing- and censuring the misconduct of every one. 

In one word, every thing which you shall do for the benefit of Greece will 
have my fullest approbation. Do not ask my opinion upon any thing. I 
am not able to give you advice. You are much better acquainted with what 
is necessary than I am. Do not, therefore, delay to do every thing that you 
shall think desirable for Greece, or likely to advance her liberty. 

I request that you will communicate to me any news you may have from 
Missolonghi, for I am now ready to depart for Salona. 

I am, &c. 

Odysseus Tritzo, 



No. 23. 
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

From the Philo-Muse Society at Athens to the Honourable the English Colonel 

Stanhope. 

On the assembling of the members of the Philo-Muse Society your 
letter was read to them, and they received it with a becoming feeling of 
gratitude. 

Your foresight and zeal for our improvement has not only breathed con- 
fidence, and irradiated hope into the body of this regenerated academy, but 
has given rise to a high feeling of respect, corresponding with the degree 
of anxiety which you show of co-operating, when and where possible, for 
the reanimation and for the fructifying of this body. 

And for such reason, according to your request, we point out to your at- 
tention the articles of which we stand in need, which are, a set of apparatus 
for experimental natural philosophy and astronomy, whatever maybe neces- 
sary in natural history, or may be applicable to the Lancastrian system of 



248 APPENDIX. 

tuition, on which the Institution was founded previous to the concurrence 
of the Athenians, and was withdrawn from the system when it was placed 
under the guidance of the Philo- Muse Society, viz. the best treatises on the 
various sciences, periodical and political works, in all languages, and what- 
ever has been published on Grecian affairs since the beginning of the war. 
The above for the present : ulteriorly the Philo-Muse Society will write 
you as to whatever it may deem advantageous for the improvement of the 
Lyceums and other establishments, of which it may contemplate the crea^ 
tion. 

I remain, Sir, 

With due deference, 
The Secretary to the Philo-Muse Society. 



No. 24. 



From JWavrocordato to Colonel Stanhope. 

Missolonghi, le 8-19 Mars, 1824. 
Monsieur et tres cher ami, 

J'ai regu avec le plus grand plaisir votre lettre du 24 Fevrier. 
Si le mauvais terns n'avait pas empeche le retour de M. Finlay, vous auriez 
scu deja que nous sommes decides a venir a la rencontre du General Ulysse 
jusqu'a Chrysso, ou a Salona merae. Vous connaissez mieux que personne 
les difficultes qu'il y avait a surmonter pour arriver a cette decision ; mais 
vous etes egalement persuade que Milord et moi ne laisserons jamais man- 
quer une occasion qui donne quelque chose d'avantageux a esperer pour 
les affaires de la patrie. 

Les Souliotes sont partis apres mille et mille difficultes. Nous ferons 
tout ce que nous pouvons pour Lepante. 

Nos deputes sont arrives a Londres le 13-25 Fevrier; ilsesperent reussir 
dans leur mission. 

J'ai Fhonneur d'etre, avec la plus haute consideration. 

Monsieur le Colonel, 
Votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur, 

A. Mavrocordat© 1 .' 

(TRANSLATION.) 

Missolonghi, 8-19th March, 1824. 

Sir, and very dear friend, 

I have received, with the greatest pleasure, your letter of the 24th 
February. 



APPENDIX. 249 

If the bad weather had not prevented Mr. Finlay's return, you would 
already have known that we have decided on coming" to meet General 
Ulysses as far as Chrysso, or even as Salona. You know, better than any 
body, the difficulties which were to be overcome in order to arrive at this 
decision ; but you are equally persuaded that his Lordship and myself will 
never let slip an opportunity which holds out the hope of any thing advan- 
tageous for the affairs of my country. 

The Suliots have departed, after a thousand difficulties. We shall do all 
that we can for Lepanto. 

Our deputies arrived in London the 13-25th of February ; they hope to 
succeed in their mission, 

I have the honour to be, with the highest consideration, 

Colonel, 
Your most humble and obedient servant, 

A. Mavrocordato. 



No. 25. 

From Lord Byron to Colonel Stanhope. 

Missolonghi, 19th March, 1824 
My dear Stanhope, 

Prtnce Mavrocorpato and myself will go to Salona to meet 
Ulysses, and you may be very sure that P. M. will accept any proposition 
for the advantage of Greece. Parry is to answer for himself on his own 
articles; if I were to interfere with him it would only stop the whole pro- 
gress of his exertion, and he is really doing all that can be done without 
more aid from the government. 

What can be spared will be sent ; but I refer you to Captain Humphries's 
report, and to Count Gamba's letter for details upon all subjects. 

In the hope of seeing you soon, and deferring much that will be to be 
said till then, 

Believe me, ever and truly, 
Yours, 

N. B. 

P.S. Your two letters (to me) are sent to Mr. Barflf, as you desire. Pray 
remember me particularly to Trelawny, whom I shall be very much pleased 
to see again. 



I I 



250 APPENDIX 

No. 26. 

From Messrs. Hodges and Gill to Colonel Stanhope. 

Missolonghi, 4th March, 1824. 

Sir, 

Previous to your departure you did me the honour to request 1 
would write to you what occurred here, and also to endeavour to carry into 
effect your admirable plan of the new paper (The Greek Telegraph). 

As soon as 1 had left you, I wrote out the prospectus for the lithographic 
press, and Mr. Gill made every preparation to carry your wishes into effect: 
but, alas ! on making the application to Mr. Parry for paper for that pur- 
pose, (having none of our own,) he informed us he could do no such thing, 
and that the paper he had was not sufficient to enable him to carry on the 
current service. We lost no time in endeavouring to procure some fit for 
the purpose, and lament to say without success : in a word, 1 am sorry to 
add that every obstacle has been thrown in the way, which, anxious as we 
were, has been quite sufficient to place it out of our power to effect your 
wishes. On the evening after your departure we had a severe shock of an 
earthquake, but no serious damage was sustained. It was settled, I believe, 
when you were here, that an attempt should be made to get the Suliots out 
of the town ; and Lord Byron, I understand, advanced their arrears, and 
they promised to go on the Monday following, but did not do so ; there- 
fore, from the time you left, till Tuesday, nothing very material may be said 
to have occurred. 

On Tuesday morning I was directed to hold myself in readiness to de- 
part with the mechanics of Zante ; and, about five P M., Mr. Fowke and 
self departed with them, and received directions to proceed from thence 
to Cefalonia. 

We reached Zante on Wednesday morning, and left that place for Cefa- 
lonia on Friday, where we arrived the same evening ; and, at length, re- 
turned here on Tuesday, the 2d instant. 

Nothing material occurred during our absence, every thing went on 
briskly, and the principal part of the Suiiots left town. Mr. Gill informs 
me that the press, which he had ready for work at my departure, he was 
necessitated to remove, for, as soon as I had left, Mr. Parry caused Mr. Gill 
to leave the Seraglio, and take up his residence in your late apartments, 
and gave the officers of ihe artillery possession of our quarters in the Se- 
raglio : Mr. G. was, therefore, under the necessity of removing the press 
there also, and, in spite of his utmost efforts, he has not been able to get it 
fixed since. Such being the case, we have come to the determination that, 
if we cannot, by Sunday next, effect our purpose in this way, we will get 
Dr. Meyer to print three hundred copies, at our joint expense, and forward 
them agreeably to your directions. 



APPENDIX, 251 

By direction of Lord Byron, I drew on your account at Zante 100?., which, 
I am informed, you generously gave to clothi the artillery company. I had 
conversations at Zante and Cefalonia with Mr. Barff, Dr. Thomas, Mr. Han- 
cock, Count de Delesserno, Dr. Kennedy, and others, and they all agreed 
in sentiments that nothing but good could emanate from so wise and judi- 
cious a measure ; am) added, that they had no doubt but the islands alone 
■would take one hundred or more, and requested me, without loss of time, 
to forward them several copies of the prospectus ; this I pledged myself to 
do, and assure you, sir, I was not a little mortified, on my return, to find Mr. 
Gill was thwarted in every way from carrying your wishes and our own into 
effect : what makes it the more provoking is that, sinca I have been writing, 
I learn that I am again to depart for Cefalonia to-morrow, and, had not the 
above obstacle been placed in the way, I could have taken the copies of the 
prospectus with me. 

I have to add that, notwithstanding the numerous and reiterated profes- 
sions of the Prince, not a single para has as yet been advanced to carry into 
effect the arrangements which had been made previous to your departure. 
As soon as 1 return from Cefalonia. we will write again, for, from accounts 
received, we are in daily expectation the Turks will come down, and every 
preparation is making to give them a warm reception. Mr. Gill and self 
hope and trust you will do us the justice to believe that nothing has been 
wanting on our parts, but, from the obstacles thrown in our way, even when 
you were present, you will be able to appreciate. 
We have the honour to remain, 
Sir, 
Your most obedient and obliged servants, 

J. M. Hodges, 
W. Gin. 

The Honourable Colonel Stanhope, &c. &c, 

P. S. An English gentleman, by the name of Winter, has arrived here 
since your departure. Captain Parry has this day prepared and packed 
one hundred rounds of fixed ammunition, with directions for firing red-hot 
shot, and five and a half barrels of gunpowder, to be forwarded to Athens 
to the Chief Ulysses. 

J, M, H 



252 APPENDIX 



No. 27, 
From the same to the same. 

Missolonghi, 19th March, 1824. 

Dear Sir, 

In acknowledging' the receipt of the letter you did me the honour 
to write, dated the 8th instant, I beg- leave to say I shall, with peculiar 
pleasure, (so far as I am able,) execute your commands, but am sorry to 
add that Mr. Gill and self have had insurmountable obstacles to our anxious 
wishes of carrying into effect the promise we made relative to the Greek 
Telegraph. 

In a letter we did ourselves the honour to address you, dated about the 
5th instant, we entered fully into the subject ; this letter, agreeably to your 
instructions, we delivered to the Prince Mavrocordato's secretary, to be for- 
warded to you, which, we regret to hear, you have not received. Since 
then, 1 have been to Cefalonia, and took with me a number of copies of the 
prospectus On the day after their delivery 1 was called upon .by several 
gentlemen, who strongly urged the propriety of changing the motto of the 
Telegraph ; on my asking their reasons, they said it could be claimed as a 
motto by the Turks with as much propriety as the Greeks, and said that the 
principal inhabitants of the island, both Greeks and English, were of opi- 
nion that, unless it was altered, the official authorities would prevent its cir- 
culation through the whole of the Ionian Islands. I thought it my duty to 
state this, on my return, to Count Gamba, and he informs me that Lord 
Byron intends to alter the motto, and some part of the language, so as not 
to mar the success of the project you have so much at heart. In a day or 
two, Dr. Meyer will print off 500 copies of the prospectus, which shall be 
sent forthwith, agreeably to the list you furnished Mr. Gill and self with. 
We have explained most fully to Mr. Humphreys every particular respect- 
ing this and every other subject, which you, Sir, must, for the sake of peace, 
consider confidential. 

We cannot conclude this letter, (written in extreme haste) without 
respectfully and earnestly assuring you that nothing would give Mr. Gill 
and myself greater pleasure than forwarding your views, and doing every 
thing in our power for the cause of Greece. 

Yours, &c. 

J. M. Hodge* , 

The Honourable Colonel Stanhope, &c. &c. 



APPENDIX, 253 



No. 28. 

Address of the Athenians to Colonel Stanhope, 

TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

To the Friend of the Greeks, Colonel Stanhope. 

Athens, 16th March, 1824, 

The people of Athens, the ministers of the government, and many 
respectable individuals from the provinces, now residing here, request of 
you to forward the enclosed letter to the Greek Committee in London. 
You are requested also to accede to the invitation, expressed in the said let- 
ter, to spend your time in the provinces between Athens and Thermopylae 
You are not ignorant of the affairs of the Greeks, consequently you must 
be well aware that the friendly intentions of the Committee towards Greece 
require wise men, such as yourself, to point out and explain the real inter- 
ests of the Greek nation. 

We are, &c. 

Gio. Ghoorotti, the Officer of the Garrison of Athens. 

An astasio Anagnosti, the Deputy of the Province of Lidorikio* 

Satirio Seraphim, the Police General Officer. 

Panagoti Sofianopulo, the Physician of Athens. 

N. Kararis, the Public Chancellor. 

Lambro Pratino, the President of Athens. 

Gio. Filipidi, the General Chancellor. 

Gio. Fieioeo, from Livadia. 

Michael Tiruavittis, 

Anargiro Petraki, 

Gio. Paeee, 

A „ > Phe Demoteronti of Athens 

Anagnosti be Georgi, 

Abtagnosti Chrissuey, 

Gio, Pardagi, 



j254 APPENDIX 



No. 29. 

From the Athenians to the Greek Committee of London 
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

To the respected Members of the Greek Committee in London, 

Athens, 16th March, 1824. 

The most worthy of all strangers who have visited Greece, as well 
before as after her insurrection, to heal the wounds inflicted by her oppres- 
sors, to sympathize in her calamities, and to give advice for her improve- 
ment, has been your excellent countryman, Colonel Stanhope. His con- 
duct has convinced the Greeks that the intentions of the Greek Committtee 
are directed, with all disinterestedness, towards the good of Greece, and 
are not influenced by any political motive : but, in order that he may ex- 
tend his usefulness, we earnestly desire that we may not be deprived of 
his good advice, and that he may remain in the provinces of continental 
Greece, between Athens and Thermopylae, especially at the present cri- 
tical moment, when Greece is threatened by internal as well as foreign 
dangers. 

Gentlemen, as the protectors of the rights of mankind, well aware as you 
are of the political situation of a people which has just broken the chains 
of long tyranny and ignorance, you will not feel surprised at our request : 
we are induced to make it from a consciousness of its benefit and of our 
present critical situation. 

We are, &c. 

Gio. Ghoorotti, the Officer of the Garrison of Athens. 

A^astasio Asagsosti, the Deputy of the Province of Lidorih'? 

Satirio Seraphim, the Police General Officer. 

Pajtagoti Sofiasopulo, the Physician of Athens. 

N. Kararis, the Public Chancellor. 

Lambro Prates-o, the President of Athens^ 

Gio. Filipidi, the General Chancellor. 

Gio. Fieiolo, from Livadia. 

Michael Tircavittis, "^ 



Ajsargiro Petraki, 
Gio. Paeee, 
Axagxosti de Georgi, 

AlTAGXOSTI ChRISSULY, 

Gio. Pabdagi, 



[ 
J 



The Demoteronti of Athene 



APPENDIX, %55 



No. 30. 



TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

From Panos Colocotroni to Colonel Stanhope. 

Napoli di Romania, 28th March, O. S. 1824. 

I have your two esteemed letters, one dated 20th March, from 
Athens, by M. C. Terakari, and the other of the 9th April, by the English 
frigate. I perceive that you wish me to send you the things which have 
arrived at Napoli di Romania from Missolonghi. I have to apologize for 
not sending them some time back, when your first request was made. I 
did not suppose that there was any thing besides a printing press, which 
was very much wanted here, and not knowing for what reason it had been 
sent, nor to whom it belonged, I immediately informed the government* 
which was then at Tnpolitza, of its arrival, and I received directions from 
them to detain it. When I received the letter from General Goura, in 
which he expressly told me that the press belonged to you, and desired 
me to deliver it to the bearer, who was your servant, in order that he 
might convey it to you, I was told that, according to the directions of the 
government, I could not deliver it up, unless I informed the government 
and demanded from them an order for its delivery : this I did immediately, 
but, owing, to the unfortunate events which took place, I never received an 
answer. Agreeably to your suggestion, I am ready to permit Dr. Vigon to 
send you the press, as well as any thing else that may be here belonging to 
you. It will be sufficient for you to send your orders, with a boat to take 
them away, as we have none here. I regret, with all my soul, that you 
should have been inspired with other sentiments than those which are cor- 
rect, concerning my desire to respect the law of nations and of humanity. 
I must, however, inform you, sir, and I do it in all sincerity, that, as I de- 
sire others to respect the rights of my country, so do I feel myself bound, 
with every good Greek, to revere the claims of others. I trust that you 
will give me credit for the reality of my sentiments, and not give ear to the 
malignant reports of evil-minded Greeks against me and my family. — Time 
will clear up these matters and elicit the truth. I deeply regret that you 
should have been so much inconvenienced before your arrival here. The 
facts, however, will show that the fault does not lie with me. It is not 
more than an hour since M. Terakari arrived here with your first letter, as 
he was detained by the Milos ; for what reason I know not. 

I beg of you to consider me as your sincere friend, and I hope you will 
freely command me in whatever you shall think me able to serve you. In 
the mean while, 

I remain, with all respect, 

The Chief of the Garrison> 

Pangs Theodokb Coeocothoih:. 






256 APPENDIX, 

No. 31. 
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

From General Goortho to Colonel Stanhope. 

Chrissi, 2d April, 1824. 

Noble Sir, 

On the 25th March I received a letter from Odysseus, addressed 
to you, and sent it on to you by a boat which I hired for the purpose. I 
have not heard of her arrival, and, therefore, deem it proper to inform you 
of the contents of the said letter. 

Odysseus requested that you would go to Salona, to which place our 
friends, Lord Byron and Prince Mavrocordato, were proceeding. 

I arrived here this morning, accompanied by the deputies from Athens, 
Livadia, Thebes, and some others, and I leave this place to-morrow for Sa« 
lona. 

We were told by vourself and Lord Byron, that a general meeting of 
Eastern and Western Greece at Salona would be very beneficial to Greece, 
and tend to heal the existing differences, and, in consequence, we followed 
your advice. Odysseus is expected here either to-day or to-morrow, with 
the deputies from Eubaea and Talantino. We doubt not that you will per- 
form your promise of going to Salona. I trust that you have by this time 
sent the press to Athens ; to its influence I shall look for the improvement 
of Greece. 

I am, &c. 

John Goortho, 



No. 32. 
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

From Sophianopulo to Demetrius Ipsilanti.* 

Prince, 

The frequency of my letters, and the too great force of my obser- 
vations, are, perhaps, displeasing to you ; but my duty to my country, and 



* This letter, which was intercepted by the government, was sent to Mis- 
solonghi, and Mavrocordato and Parry declaimed against it and the factious 



APPENDIX. 257 

my respect for your family, oblige me to it, and I shall not desist until I 
receive your commands to that effect. The relations in which our friends 
here have, for some months past, placed themselves with Mavrocordato, had, 
for their sole object, the discovery of his designs and the prevention of all 
the mischief which his intrigues might entail upon the nation. The object 
which they proposed to themselves, and which they still principally have 
in view, is to deprive Mavrocordato of all the means which might be 
recommended to his direction, a thing of which your highness would by 
no means hear, but contented yourself with writing and speaking against 
him. 

Now, having persuaded the English to quit Missolonghi, and to come 
hither, having secretly raised and excited against Mavrocordato his own 
organs, and having cast him down into that abyss into which he wished to 
precipitate our country and its defenders, we communicate the circum- 
stance to you. Finally, this is what Ulysses and Goortho write against 
Mavrocordato's friends at Cranidi ; this is what Ulysses writes against Mav- 
rocordato himself, with his habitual sarcasm : at some future time, I shall 
communicate to you all that the English have said, and are going to write, 
against Mavrocordato. 

According to the testimony of Colonel Stanhope, Envoy of the Greek 
Committee of London, the English took the part of the Cranidi people, in 
the first instance, only because they were deceived by Mavrocordato ; but, 
having been since persuaded that Mavrocordato and those of Cranidi, in- 
stead of seeking the independence of Greece, are endeavouring, without 
the consent of the people, to invite kings, and to demand the protection of 
foreign powers, they have quitted the party of Mavrocordato and those of 
Cranidi, and now panegyrize the conduct of the Tripolitza people, with 
whom they are desirous of entering into correspondence, seeing that they 
desire only a national assembly, union, and a cessation of faction. Mavro- 
cordato had so prejudiced the English against Ulysses, Niketas, and Colo- 
cotroni, that they could not listen to their names with patience : but th« 
conferences of Colonel Stanhope with Ulysses, although very brief, and his 
acquaintance with Goortho, and other persons of good sentiments, have 
compelled him to declare that the fall of Mavrocordato, the introduction of 
D. Ipsilanti into the national government, and the reinforcement of the go- 
vernment with Colliopulo and Goortho, are the only means of securing the 
independence of Greece and the consolidation of her laws, by putting a 
stop to civil war and intestine disturbances. 

At present, it has been considered necessary to cause proclamations to 
be issued by the legislative body, to invite Lord Byron to Tripolitza, to 



Stanhope. I solicited the government and the editor of the Greek Chroni- 
cle to publish it, for the purpose of confounding the intriguers. 

L. S, 
k k 



238 APPENDIX. 

excommunicate the Cranldi people, to call Goortho and Colliopulo to seats 
in the government, to compose its executive force, and to despatch a thou- 
sand men from the Peloponnesus, with ammunition and provisions, to occupy 
the position of Amphorite ; all these dispositions will replace affairs on 
their proper footing. It is useless to dilate upon this subject ; while con- 
tinental Greece is occupied in defending itself against the enemy, and while 
the Peloponnesians think only of sharing the revenues among themselves, 
we hope to succeed in our designs. 

I am, &c. &c. 

Panagoti Sofhianpulo , 
Athens, 25th February, N. S. 1824. 

To His Highness Prince D. Ipsilanti, at Napoli di Romania. 



No. 33. 
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

From the Prefect of JEgina to Colonel Stanhope. 

-Egina, 18th April, 1824. 
Sir, 

Your secretary was the bearer of my last letter ; the bearer of the 
present is a printer, named George Paroligi, who is recommended to you 
by the Spetziots ; if your wish is to employ the press at present here, please 
to make an agreement with the above printer and his companion, and send 
them here. 

The Greek fleet was preparing to sail against the enemy's. 
We have seen in a newspaper, which the above printer brought from 
Hydra, that the two emperors would have the goodness to protect us by 
putting our necks in chains. They may think as they like. Greece wil! 
prefer total extirmination to suffering under their yoke. Long live Liberty ! 
Long live the free people of Great Britain ! 

I have letters from Argos, announcing that Napoli di Romania was about 
to surrender. 

Please to let me know the news you have from Missolonghi, and the state 
of Lord Byron's health. 

I am, &c- 

John Logotheti, 



APPENDIX. 259 

No. 34. 
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

From General Odysseus to Colonel Stanhope. 

Salona, 22d April, 1824. 

Sir, 

Yotr have asked my opinion relative to the manner in which the 
Greeks should make war with the Sultan. Always ready to satisfy your 
just curiosity, 1 hasten to give you my ideas on that subject. Our present 
frontier is so feeble that it is necessary to act offensively ; but this cannot 
be effected till the winter, when the Turkish armies are disbanded. This 
summer we must limit our operations to the defensive. 

As Greece comprehends many islands, peninsulas, and gulfs, and is sur- 
rounded by the sea, a maritime force is absolutely necessary. I am of opi- 
nion that the whole fleet should be stationed in the vicinity of Ipsara, and 
should watch this passage, by which the Turkish fleet must pass. 

There are two great roads by which the enemy may invade Greece — that 
of Arta and that of Zeitouni. To prevent the Turks from advancing into 
Livadia, Salona, &c, 2000 troops should be dispatched to Stetheda (near 
St. Marino, and supplies should be sent them by sea. Of these troops, 500 
should be placed between Zeitouni and Larissa to cut the enemy's line of 
communication. Two thousand soldiers should also be stationed in the 
neighbourhood of Thermopylae. The plain between the sea and the moun- 
tain should be fortified with redoubts, field-works, &c. ; and a third corps 
of 3000 should be stationed in the province of Neopatra ; of these, 2000 
should be encamped at Altos, and the rest near this place, hid in the woods. 
After the Turks have engaged their enemy all day at Altos, those in ambush 
should start up at night and attack their rear, and throw them into con- 
fusion. 

A corps of 5000 should be sent to the district of Marrenorso, 3000 of 
these should be sent to a defile of the same name, and the other 2000 spread 
about in the neighbourhood. 

By these means, Sir, the enemy, consisting of about 60,000 men, would 
be prevented from penetrating into Greece by either of the two roads be- 
fore mentioned, and 12,000 Greeks, having all the necessaries of war, and 
being properly defended by field-works, would be able to repulse the 
enemy. It is, however, to be understood that the Greeks must be masters 
of the seas, or my plan would not be effective. This plan includes the 
measures to be adopted during the summer's campaign. 

It is for the government to decide what number of soldiers are required 
for the attack and defence of the fortresses, and fpr the police of the 
country. 



260 APPENDIX. 

It is not necessary to remind you that the interest of my august country 
and of your dear Greece require that this plan should be kept a secret from 
the enemy. 

I am, with profound respect, 

Your most obedient servant, 

Odysseus Audritzo, 



No. 35. 
TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

From Coletti to Col. Stanhope. 

Millus, 18th April, 1824, 

Noble Sir, 

I received, with great pleasure, your esteemed letter of 



and regret to see the dangerous state of Lord Byron's health. I sincerely 
desire his recovery. He is dear to Greece ; and it were most lamentable 
to lose so much philanthropy and so much genius. 

I have sent to the government your communication respecting the Greek 
loan. I trust that the money will arrive here very soon. The enemy has 
commenced operations, and we, on the contrary, cannot stir, on account of 
our poverty. Every nation finds money, in time of war, the most necessary 
of all things. 

The body of enemies to the Greek constitution in Tripolitza is dissolved, 
and every one has retired to his own country : they will be pursued by the 
friends of the charter until they will be compelled to surrender themselves 
to the law, and to receive their merited punishment. 

I can assure you that the Greeks wish for a representative government. 
The meanest Greek citizen knows the nature of a constitution, a legislative 
and executive body, and he understands, in consequence, the meaning of a 
representative government. In the cause of this government the Greeks 
have shed their blood. Napoli di Romania is almost reduced ; there are 
not more than 250 soldiers in it, and I hope soon to have the pleasure of ad- 
vising you of its surrender to the government. 

What is doing at Salona ? What is intended ? What has been done ? If 
you think they are acting beneficially towards the government and the con- 
stitutional charter, co-operate with them ; if not, act as a virtuous and phi- 
lanthropic Greek citizen ought to act. 

Wishing you would write to me oftener, 

1 remain, &c. 

Johit Coletti, 



APPENDIX. 261 

No. 36. 

From the Greek Deputies in London to Col. Stanhope. 

Londres, le 18 Mars, 1824. 

Monsieur, 

Vous aurez recu la lettre, que nous avons eu Phonneur de vous ecrire 
en date du 23 Fevrier dernier, par laquelle nous felicitons et nous et notre 
patrie du choix concorde avec MM. les emprunteurs de votre illustre per- 
sonne pour un des commissaires charges non seulement de procurer la ra- 
tification du contrat de l'emprunt de la part de notre gouvernement, mais 
aussi de l'objet tres important du recouvrement de l'argent emprunte et de 
sa remission au dit gouvernement. Sans doute nous etions convaincus, 
comme nous le sommes toujours, qu'il n'etoit pas possible de faire un meil- 
leur choix que celui qui vous concerne. Et s'il y avoit eu quelque chose a 
desirer pour satisfaire notre conscience, nous devons vous l'avouer, l'appro- 
bation du celebre Jurisconsulte Bentham, qui rendit toute la justice due a 
vos merites dans les entretiens que nous eumes avec lui, auroit pleinement 
rassassie nos souhaits. 

Mais au milieu de tant de contentement nous avons du eprouver la peine 
de nous voir obliges a penser a votre remplacement, auquel nous avons ac- 
cede seulement par mesure provisoire, et dans l'espoir qu'elle n'avoit ete 

qu'une precaution en derniere analyse inutile. M. ■ nous repre- 

senta que d'apres les observations (nous croyons) du ministre Canning, et 
autres donnees qu'il cita, il etoit presque sur que vous alliez revenir bientot 
en Angleterre, et que par la vous ne pouviez plus vous acquitter de la com- 
mission sus-annoncee. Dans l'urgence de la chose nous ne pumes nous dis- 
penser de donner poids acette allegation, et de pourvoir a votre remplace- 
ment, mais dans la circonstance qu'il va partir un courier extraordinaire pour 
Lord Byron et qu'il y apportera le contrat, de la ratification duquel doit 
s'occuper notre gouvernement, nous nous empressons de vous instruire de 
tout ce qui dessus, soit pour vous prier de ne point cesser de vous occuper 
du bien de notre patrie, et en particulier de l'objet de la ratification susdite, 
de laquelle depend l'entree des fonds necessaires pour assurer ce bien, et 
consolider le meme gouvernement, soit pour connoitre directement de vous, 
si vraiment vous etes decide de quitter la Grece, ou vous pouvez au con- 
traire remplir la dite commission, dont vous n'etes dispense que provisoire- 
ment et sur la doute ci avant exposee. Veuillez done, monsieur, nous sa- 
tisfaire sur ce propos et joindre cet acte de generosite de votre part a tant 
de motifs de gratitude, que nous et notre chere patrie nous vous devons deja. 
En attendant, vous qui avez la connoissance de notre pays et des opinions 
qui y regnent, vous saurez aussi nous dire dans la vue de faire 1'interet de 
la Grece, si vous n'etes pas d'avis ainsi que nous le sommes, que parmi les 
commissaires charges de la besogne susdite, il n'est pas convenable qu'au 



262 APPENDIX. 

moms Pun soit Grec : car vous saurez combien la malveillance a deja tra- 
vaille a repandre en Grece et parmi les trop bons Hellenes, le bruit que le 
gouvernement mettoit la Grece a la merci des Anglais. Ce bruit peut tou- 
jours servir de pretexte ou pour retarder le bien de notre patrie, ou poui' 
lui attirer des maux, en donnant lieu a la naissance des partis et a la division 
de cette force qui consiste dans l'union de tous les Hellenes. D'apres cette 
vue, et ainsi dans le but de faire cesser ces bruits et sujets de discorde, et 
jamais dans celui d'avoir besoin de parir a une unjuste mefiance vis-a-vis de 
personnages aussi connues et distingues comme les Anglais elus commis- 
saires, nous avons pense de leur joindre le Grec Lazaro Conduriotti d'Hydra, 
que nous jugeons l'homme le plus recommandable de la Grece. Sans doute 
que celui-ci aide, par les braves Anglois, et ceux-ci secondes par la reputa- 
tion et les qualites de celui-la contribueront, sans donner lieu au moindre 
inconvenient, a faire tout ce que le bonheur de notre patrie exige, et que 
son gouvernement peut reclamer. Si nous n'avions a faire, nous le repe- 
tons, qu'avec des hommes illumines, nul doute que le choix fait des com- 
missaires Anglois, et de ceux meme qui ont ete proposes pour votre rem- 
placement, tel que le Colonel * * * (qui a ecrit a ce sujet a Lord Byron) et 
Thomas Gordon pouvoit etre plus que tranquillizant pour la Grece : mais 
dans le systeme des choses actuelles de la Grece et dans celui de la forme 
du gouvernement qui la regit, nous devons et le gouvernement me'me doit 
menager les idees bonnes ou fausses de la masse, qui, comme vous savez, ne 
peut, au scrtir de Pesclavage, etre instruite et cclairee. Quant au contrat, 
il est passe de la meilleure maniere qu'il pouvoit se passer en egard a toutes 
les circonstances ; nous esperons que la bonne foi des personnes, qui ont 
dirige cet emprunt, suppleeraaux clauses, que nous aurions pu faire inserer, 
s'il n'avoit pas ete question d'un contrat qui devok se presenter dans le pub- 
lic, comme tout-a-fait rassuvant pour les emprunteurs. Au surplus son ex- 
ecution, pour ainsi dire, confiee aux braves commissaires, remplira les la- 
cunes, qui pourroient etre imputees au contrat, en remplissant le veritable 
but dans lequel et pour lequel le contrat est passe. 

Veuillez, monsieur, nous honorer d'une reponse pour norre tranquillite, 
et nous mettre en meme de vous temoigner combien sont reels les senti- 
mens de gratitude et d'estime que vous nous professons et avec lesqueL- 
nous avons l'honneur de nous renouveller. 

Vos tres humbles et tres fideles serviteurs, 

Jeax Orlaxdo. 

Axd. LraiOTTr>. 
1 .Monsieur M. le Col. Stanhope, e J c. cjc. &c. 



APPENDIX. 263 

TRANSLATION. 

London, 18th March, 1824. 

Sir, 

You have received the letter which we had the honour to write 
to you under date of the 2Sd February last, in which we felicitate both our- 
selves and our country on the choice, agreed on with the contractors for 
the loan, of your illustrious person, as one of the commission, charged not 
only with procuring' the ratification of the contract from our government, 
but also with the very important object of the receipt of the money lent, 
and of its transmission to the said government. Doubtless we were con- 
vinced, as we still are, that it was impossible to make a better choice than 
of you, and, had there needed any thing to satisfy our consciences, we 
must confess that the approbation of the celebrated Jurisconsult Bentham, 
who rendered all the justice due to your merits, in our conversations with 
him, would have fully contented our desires. 

But, in the midst of all this satisfaction, we have found ourselves placed 
under the painful necessity of thinking of your replacement, to which we 
have acceded only as a provisional measure, and in the hope that it will 

turn out, in the end, a useless precaution. Mr. ■ represented to us 

that, in consequence of the observations (we believe) of Mr. Secretary 
Canning, and of other data which he cited, he was almost certain that you 
would speedily return to England, and that you would thus be disabled 
from acquitting yourself of the commission above announced. In the ur- 
gency of the affair, we could not help giving weight to this allegation, and 
providing for your replacement; but, as an extraordinary courier is about 
to be despatched to Lord Byron, and as he will take with him the contract, 
with the ratification of which our government will be engaged, we hasten to 
inform you of all that has occured, both in order to beg of you not to cease 
to interest yourself with the good of our country, and particularly with the 
aforesaid ratification, on which depends the receipt of the funds necessary 
to secure that good, and to consolidate the government, and also to know, 
directly from yourself, whether you have really decided on quitting Greece, 
where you may, on the contrary, fulfil the said commission, from which you 
are only dispensed provisionally, in consequence of the doubt before ex- 
posed. Have the goodness, Sir, to satisfy us on this head, and to add this 
act of generosity on your part to the numerous motives of gratitude which 
we and our dear country already owe you. In the meanwhile, you, who 
are acquainted with our country, and with the opinions which prevail 
there, will be able also to tell us, with a view to the interest of Greece, if 
you are not of opinion with us, that, among the commissioners charged with 
the aforesaid business, it is proper that one, at least, should be a Greek ; 
for you know how malevolence has already laboured to spread throughout 



264 APPENDIX. 

Greece, and among the excellent Hellenists, a rumour that the govern- 
ment was placing Greece at the mercy of the English. This rumour may- 
still serve as a pretext either to delay the good of our country, or to over- 
whelm it with misfortunes, by giving birth both to parties, and to the divi- 
sion of that force which consists in the union of all the Greeks. Acting on 
these considerations, and with the view of putting a stop to these rumours 
and subjects of discord, and with no intention of entertaining an unjust sus- 
picion with regard to persons so well known and so distinguished as the 
Englishmen who have been chosen commissioners, we have thought of join- 
ing to them the Greek Lazaro Conduriotti of Hydra, whom we consider 
the fittest man in Greece. Undoubtedly, this gentleman, assisted by the 
noble English, and the latter, seconded by his reputation and qualities, will 
contribute, without giving occasion to the slightest inconvenience, to do 
every thing which the happiness of our country demands, and which its 
government can require. If we had to do only, we repeat, with enlight- 
ened men, without doubt, the choice made of the English commissioners, 
and even of those who have been proposed for your replacement, such as 
Colonel * * * (who has written on the subject to Lord Byron) and Tho- 
mas Gordon, would be more than tranquillizing for Greece ; but, in the actual 
state of affairs in Greece, and under her form of government, we ought, 
and the government also ought, to conciliate the opinions, true or false, of 
the mass, who, as you know, cannot, on emerging from slavery, become all 
at once informed and enlightened. 

With respect to the contract, it has been completed in the best manner 
possible, under alt the circumstances : we hope that the good faith of those 
who have had the direction of this loan, will supply the want of the clauses 
which we might have had inserted, had we not had to manage a contract to 
be presented before the public as perfectly satisfactory to the borrowers. 
For the rest, its execution, so to speak, being confided to the noble com- 
missioners, will fill up the omissions which might be imputed to the con- 
tract, by effecting the true object for which the contract has been made. 

Have the goodness, Sir, to honour us with an answer for our tranquillity, 
and to put us in a condition to testify to you the reality of the sentiments of 
gratitude and esteem which we profess towards you, and with which we 
have the honour to remain 

Your most humble and faithful servants, 

Jean Orlando. 

ASTB. LUKIOTTIS 

To Col. Stanhope, &c. &c. &c. 



APPENDIX. 265 

No. 37. 

From the same to the same. 

Londres, le 26 Mars, 1824. 
Monsieur, 

Cette lettre vous parviendra par le moyen da vaisseau qui apporte 
la somme de 40,000 livres sterling's. 

Nous n'envoyons pas le contrat, puisque nous Fenvoyons directement 
au gouvernement, s'etant charges de vous la remettre M M. les preteurs. 

Apres que nous vous avions ecrit notre precedente lettre du 18 Mars,, 
nous avons juge a-propos de faire partir pour la Grece M. Polysoides, du- 
quel vous apprendrez le motif de cette determination. 

Quelles esperances n'avons ncus pas, et ne mettons nous pas maintenant 
en vous, monsieur, pour le triomphe de notre cause, L'argent, qui man- 
quoit, arrive et arrivera, et avec lui on fera tout ce quele bien de notre pa- 
trie exige. Tout le monde ici rend justice aux merites de vous, monsieur, 
et regardent la Grece comme une nation heureuse, puisque une personne s 
telle que vous, s'interesse si vivement et co-opere a son independance. 
Agr^ez Phommage de notre profond respect. 

Vos fideles et devouees serviteurs, 

Jean Orlando. 



Anb. Luriottis. 



*% Monsieur J\€. le Col. Stanhope, M.issolonghi» 



(TRANSLATION.) 

London, 26th March, 1824. 

Sir, 

This letter will reach you by means of the vessel which takes out 
the sum of 4O,000Z. sterling. 

We do not send the contract, because we send it direct to the govern- 
ment, the lenders having undertaken to transmit it to you. 

After having written our former letter of the 18th March, we thought 
proper to send to Greece M. Polysoides, from whom you will learn the mo- 
tive of this determination. 

What hopes do we not entertain, and do we not place at present in you, 
Sir, for the triumph of our cause ? The money, which was wanting, arrives 
and will arrive, and with it every thing will be done which the good of our 
country requires. Every body here does justice to your merits, and look? 



266 APPENDIX, 

upon Greece as a happy nation, since a person like you interests himself 
so actively, and co-operates in the acquisition of her independence. 
Receive the homage of our profound respect. 

Your faithful and devoted servants, 

Jean Orlando. 
And. Lubiottis, 
To Col. Stanhope, JMissolonghi. 



No. 38. 

Extract of a Letter from Jeremy Bentham, Esq. to the Greek Deputies in Lon- 
don. 

Chers, enfans, 

* * * * * * * Stanhope, homme qui pour la cause de la Grece y 
consacre actuellement les deux tiers de son mediocre revenu ; et de toutes 
les personnes qui, uniquement pour vous donner ce gage d'amitie, se sont 
portees a concourir a ce sacrifice, il n'y en a aucune qui n'a pas de ce me me 
Stanhope la plus haute idee que Pon puisse avoir: c'est a dire en tous 
points — sagesse aussi bien que probite, philanthropic, et attachement a la 
cause de la liberte en Grece. 

Quant a moi, ce que je connais, ct ce que je pense de ce meme Stanhope 
ne vous et pas encore ( je crois) connu. Le voici. D'apres une etude des 
plus soignees que j'en ai fait depuis environ une annee, je crois ne rien ris- 
quer a dire que je placerai toute la reputation que je puisse avoir sur la 
tete de cet homme, de fagon que s'il se comportait mal, de quelle maniere 
que ce fut, on dirait, Bentham s'est trompe lourdement, il ne connait pas 
les hommes. Je ne finirois pas, si j'entrepenais, vous le depeindre : * 

* * * * fils et allie des plus hautes families que nous ayons, 

****** * * * * 

* * se depouillant, les yeux ouverts et toujours sans amertume, de 
toute chance de promotion et de faveur, en plaidant par ses ecrits pour la 
liberte" de la presse, et en plaidant de la meme maniere pour le soldat contre 
la tyrannie militaire, dans la vue de porter les gens d'ici d'abolir la peine 

afflictive du fouet, comme on a fait presque partout ailleurs. * * 

****** 

Quant a Stanhope je vais prendre sur moi de vous envoyer, c'st a dire a 
notre Anglais Luriottis, une des lettres de Phonorable Colonel a moi : c'est 
la seule que j'ai regue de lui en prope depuis qu'il est parti pour la Grece, 
dans ce voyage, ou par ses vertus et ses bonnes manieres, il a fait la con- 
quete de l'Allemagne et de la Suisse Philhellenique, lesquelles Pont mis a 
leur tete : voila la seule qu'il m'a addressee, mais il est correspondant con- 
stant du Coraite, dont il est agent, et a peine y-a-t-il une lettre de lui, ou $ 



APPENDIX. 267 

sn*y a pas quelque mot sur moi, dans le me me sens que celle-ci. J'en ai vu 
trois lettres de lui plus recentes, et ecrites de la Grece meme : et j'ai eu le 
bonheur de voir qu'elles sont de beaucoup plus encourageantes. " Mais 
vous etes partiel en sa faveur" me direz vous : oh que oui. Mais voici de 
quelle maniere ; ce n'est pas de ce qu'il est devenu mon ami, que j'ai cette 
opinion de lui, mais de ce que, d'apres la bonne opinion que je voyais que 
tout le monde avait de lui, que je me suis determine d'en faire un ami, en 
lui ouvrant cette porte, que je suis oblige de tenir fermee contre la foule 
qui autrement voudraient m'envahir le peu de momens que je puis encore 
rester sur la terre. 

Eh bien ! si apres avoir lu cette lettre, il vous arrive de partager avec 
moi, l'opinion que je ne puis manquer d'avoir de Stanhope, et de vouloir 
que l'on ait bonne opinion de vous, faites vous meme la proposition, mon 
Luriottis, de remettre ou il etait le nom de ce meme Stanhope. 

Malheureusement, s'il etait le contraire de ce que tout le monde sait qu'il 
est, vous ne risqueriez que tres peu en accedant a cette proposition : car 
j'ai bien peu d'esperance qu'il puisse rester en Grece. Etant un de 10 en- 
fans qu'a son pere, tous vivans, la modique fortune que sa vertu lui a permis 
de faire aux Indes, ne suffirait pas pour son entretien, sans sa paye de 
Colonel : et si pour ce qu'il avait fait, ou avait envie de faire pour la cause 
de la Grece, il arrivait a la Sainte Alliance de demander qu'il fut destitue, 
on ne manquerait pas de le faire destituer, pour garder la neutralite qu'on 
avait promise. Or il est constant qu'il y a quelque terns que l'aine de Stan- 
hope lui a ecrite une lettre pressante : ainsi chaque jour, une des choses 
que je crains le plus, e'est de le voir entre mes bras. 

D'ailleurs, faites a son egard ce que vous jugez a propos : vous n'aurez 

pas de lui le moindre ressentiment a craindre : il n'en est past capable. 

******** * 

Toujours votre affectione pere, 

Jeremy Bentham, 



(TRANSLATION.) 



Queen's-Square-Place, Westminster, 
15th March, 1824. 



My dear children, 



* * * Stanhope, who actually consecrates to the 

cause of Greece two-thirds of his moderate income ; and of all the persons 
who, solely for the purpose of giving you this pledge of friendship, have 
been induced to concur in this sacrifice, there is not one who does not en- 
tertain of this same Stanhope the highest possible idea, that is to say, in all 
points — wisdom as well as probity, philanthropy, and attachment to the 
cause of liberty in Greece. 

As for me, what I know and what I think of Stanhope is (I believe) yet 
unknown to you. After a most careful study, to which 1 have subjected 



268 APPENDIX. 

him for about a year past, I believe that I run no risk in saying, that I will 
stake all the reputation which I may possess upon his head, in such a manner 
that if he were to condut himself ill, in any respect whatever, it might be 
said, Bentbam has been grossly deceived — lie knows nothing of mankind. 
I should never have done were I to begin to depict him to you, * * * 
son and ally of the highest families of our country, * * * * he has 
stripped himself, with his eyes open, and always without any bitter feeling, 
of every chance of promotion and of favour, by pleading by his writings for 
the liberty of the press, and also by pleading in the same manner for the 
soldier against military tyranny, with the view of inducing our government 
to abolish the afflicting punishment of flogging, as has been done in almost 
every other country. * * * * 

With respect to Stanhope, I will take upon myself to send you, that is to 
sav to our Englishman Luriottis, one of the letters of the honourable Colonel 
to myself, it is the only one which I nave received from him addressed to 
me personally, since he departed for Greece, on that journey, in the course 
of which, by his virtues and his good conduct, he has made the conquest of 
Phiilv llenic Germany and Switzerland, which have placed him at their head. 
This is the only one which he has addressed to me, but he is a constant 
correspondent of the Committee, whose agent he is ; and scarcely is there 
a letter from him in which there is not a word on me in the same sense as 
this. I have seen three letters from him of later date, and written from 
Gree< r itself and 1 have had the good fortune to see that they are, much 
more encouraging. " But you are partial in his favour," you will say. I 
confess it : but how r It is not because he has become my friend that I 
entertain this opinion of him, but because, in consequence of the good opi- 
nion which 1 saw that every body entertained of him, I resolved to make a 
friend of him, and to open for him the door which I am compelled to keep 
closed against the crowd, which would otherwise invade the few moments 
which I may yet pass upon earth. 

Well ! If, after having read this letter, you should happen to share with 
me the opinion which I cannot help entertaining of Stanhope, and to wish 
me to entertain a good opinion of yourself, make yourself the proposition, 
my Luriottis, of replacing the name of Stanhope where it was before. 

Unfortunately, if he were the contrary of what every body knows him to 
be, you would risk very little by acceeding to this proposition, for I have 
very little hope that he can remain in Greece. Being one of ten children, 
who are all living, the moderate fortune which his virtue has permitted him 
to make in India, would be insufficient for his maintenance without his pay 
of a Colonel, and it has been just signified, that if, for what he had done or 
had wished to do for the cause of the Greeks, the Holy Alliance should 
happen to require his deprivation, he would not fail to be deprived of his 
rank, in order to preserve the promised neutrality. Now, it is certain, that 
it is some time since Colonel Stanhope's elder brother wrote him a pressing 
letter ; so that every day one of the things which I fear most is to see liira 
m my arms. 



APPENDIX. 269 

For the rest, do with respect to him what you think proper ; you will 
not have the least resentment to fear on his part, for he is incapable of it. 

********* 

Ever your affectionate father, 

Jeremy Bentham. 



No. 39. 

From Captain Trelawny to Colonel Stanhope. 

Missolonghi, April 28th, 1824. 

My dear Colonel, 

With all my anxiety T could not get here before the third day. It 
was the second, after having crossed the first great torrent, that I met some 
soldiers from Missolonghi. I had let them all pass me, ere I had resolution 
enough to inquire the news from Missolonghi. I then rode back and de- 
manded of a straggler the news. I heard nothing more than — Lord Byron 
is dead, — and I proceeded on in gloomy silence. With all his faults I 
loved him truly ; he is connected with every event of the most interesting 
years of my wandering life : his every day companion, — we lived in ships, 
boats, and in houses together, — we had no secrets, — no reserve, and, though 
we often differed in opinion, never quarrelled. If it gave me pain witness- 
ing his frailties, he only wanted a little excitement to awaken and put forth 
virtues that redeemed them all. He was an only child, — early an orphan,— 
the world adopted him and spoilt him,— his conceptions were so noble when 
his best elements were roused, that we, his friends, considered it pure in- 
spiration. He was violent and capricious. In one of his moments of frailty, 
two years back, he could think of nothing which could give him so much 
pleasure as saving money, and he talked of nothing but its accumulation, 
and the power and respect it would be the means of giving him ; and so 
much did he indulge in this contemptible vice, that we, his friends, began 
to fear it would become his leading passion ; however, as in all his other 
passions, he indulged it to satiety, and then grew weary. I was absent 
from him in Rome when he wrote me from Genoa, and said, " Trelawny, 
" you must have heard I am going to Greece, why do you not come to me ? 
" I can do nothing without you, and am exceedingly anxious to see you ; 
" pray come, for I am at last determined to go to Greece, it is the only 
" place I was ever contented in. I am serious, and did not write before, 
" as I might have given you a journey for nothing : they all say I can be of 
** use to Greece ; I do not know how, nor do they ; but, at all events, let's 
" go." I who had long despaired of getting him out of Italy, to which he 



270 APPENDIX. 

had become attached from habit, indolence, and strong ties ; I lost no 
time ; every thing- was hurried on, and, from the moment he left Genoa, 
though twice driven back, his ruling" passion became ambition of a name, or 
rather, by one great effort to wipe out the memory of those deeds, which 
his enemies had begun to rather freely descant on in the public prints, 
and to make his name as great in glorious acts, as it already was by his 
writings. 

He wrote a song- the other day on his birth-day, his thirty-sixth year, 
strongly exemplifying this.— It is the most beautiful and touching of all his 
songs, for he was not very happy at composing them. It is here amongst 
his papers. 

" If thou regret thy youth, -why live ? 

The land of honourable death 
Is here. Up to the field and give 

Away thy breath. 
Awake ! not Greece, she is awake ! 

Awake ! my spirit." 

He died on the 19th of April, at six o'clock at night ; the two last days 
he was altogether insensible, and died so, apparently without pain. From 
the first moment of his illness, he expressed on this, as on all former occa- 
sions, his dread of pain and fearlessness of death. He talked chiefly of 
Ada, both in his sensible and insensible state. He had much to say, and 
many directions to leave, as was manifest from his calling Fletcher, Tita, 
Gamba, Parry, to his bed-side ; his lips moved, but he could articulate 
nothing distinctly. " Ada — my sister — wife — say — do you understand my 
directions," said he, to Fletcher. After muttering thus for half an hour, 
about — "Say this to Ada," — "this to my sister," — wringing his hands. 
"Not a word, my Lord," said Fletcher. — " That's a pity," said he, "for 'tis 
now too late, — for I shall die or go mad." He then raved, said — " I will 
not live a madman, for I can destroy myself." I know the reason of this 
fear he had of losing his senses ; he had lately, on his voyage from Italy, 
read, with deep interest, Swift's life, and was always talking to me of his 
horrible fate. Byron's malady was a rheumatic fever; was brought on by 
getting wet after violent perspiration from hard riding, and neglecting to 
change his clothes. Its commencement was trifling. On the 10th he was 
taken ill; his doctors urged him to be bled, but this was one of his greatest 
prejudices, -he abhorred bleeding. Medicine was not efficient; the fever 
gained rapid ground, and on the third day the blood showed a tendency to 
mount to his head ; he then submitted to bleeding, but it proved too late ; 
it had already affected his brain, and this caused his death. Had he sub- 
mitted to bleeding on its first appearance, he would have assuredly recover- 
ed in a few days. On opening him, a great quantity of blood was found in 
the head and brain ; the latter, his brain, the doctor says, was a third 



appendix:. 271 

greater in quantify than is usually found, weighing four pounds. His heart 
is likewise strikingly large, but performed its funcions feebly, and was 
very exhausted; his liver much too small, which was the reason of that de- 
ficiency of bile, which necessitated him to continually stimulate his stomach 
by medicine. His body was in a perfect state of health and soundness. 
They say his only malady was a strong tendency of the blood to mount to the 
head, and weakness of the vessels there ; that he could not for this reason, 
have lived more than six or seven years more. I do not exactly under- 
stand this; but the doctor is going to write me a medical account of his 
illness, death, and state of his body. 

His remains are preparing to send by way of Zante to England, he having 
left no directions on this head. I shall ever regret I was not with him 
when he gave up his mortality. 

Your pardon, Stanhope, that I have turned aside from the great cause in 
which I am embarked ; but this is no private grief; the world has lost its 
greatest man, I my best friend, and that must be my excuse for having filled 
a letter with this one subject. To-morrow, for Mavrocordato has delayed! 
my courier till his letters are ready, I will return to duty. 

Yours, very sincerely, 

Edwakd TRELAwsrr, 



No. 40. 



From Captain Trelaxvny to Colonel Stanhope. 

Missolonghi, April 28th, 1824, 

Dear Stanhope, 

Your impatient spirit will ill brook my delay, but I am at the foun- 
tain head of procrastination. The pestilential fever of these torpid waters 
seems to have infected every thing ; the atmosphere is as dense as a Novem- 
ber in London, and it is infected with reptiles; — every thing is transacted, 
not under the rose, but under the mud ; — imbecile counsels, — intriguing 
people — greedy soldiers, and factious captains, are the beings I have to 
deal with in this Ionian sand (or rather slime) isthmus, cut off, as it most 
wisely is (as we prune an unsightly scion from a beautiful tree) from clas- 
sic Greece. But enough of episodes. 

There have been meetings and orations enough to settle all the affairs of 
Greece, if talking would do it, and all that is yet settled is, that the great 
body of captains, or generals, as ihey designate themselves, will not attend 
the congress; however, they are to nominate representatives with full 
power. Anagnosti Cariacci and Maceru have likewise promised to attend • 
and they have promised to nominate the deputies to-morrow, two in nuna- 



2f2 APPENDIX, 

ber, and these four, with our Salona envoy, will depart for Salona on the 
29th. I have so clearly pointed out to Mavrocordato the advantage of his 
attending in person the congress, and through your good offices to effect a 
reconciliation with Odysseus, that he has pledged himself to accompany me 
to Salona in three or four days; for I have told him what we thought of that 
general, without reserve, and I see he thinks as I do, that he will be obliged 
to return to Hydra, that is, if they will receive him, except he is aided by 
the muscular arm of Odysseus. 

Mavrocordato and his friends wish me to mention to you about the Su- 
liots, their pay, and the difficulties he is placed in with them. I enclose 
papers they have written me. Gamba says he can do nothing. However, 
you are as bold as you are independent, and your opinion will be of value. 

I have been employed in arranging the affairs of my lost friend, sealing 
papers, and his body is in spirits, and Gamba and his household will depart 
in two or three days for Zante, and thence to England. 

Every one here, I mean the English artificers and brigade, now wish to 
join Odysseus, or, at least, leave this hole. 1 know you will say I have se- 
duced them. I like the brigade corps. The Committee stores are most 
useful. 

Oblige me by letting Finlay read these letters. I have not time to write 
him now, 

Tkelawny. 



No. 41. 



From JMavrocordato to Colonel Stanhope. 

Missolonghi, 15-27 Avril, 1824. 

Monsieur le Colonel, 

M. be Trelawni m'a exactement remis votre lettre du 19. Je 
senstres vivement la perte qui vous afflige, et qui s'est sans doute accru par 
celle d ? un ami que nous ne saurons jamais assez pleurer. 

Cette malheureuse circonstance a jusques a present retards mon depart 
pour Salona. Je tache d'arranger le plutdt possible les affaires qui exigent 
ma presence ici, pour venir vous rejoindre. Mon desir est de m'entendre 
surtout avec le General Ulysse et avec vous sur ce qui regarde les affaires 
generates de la Grece. 

M. de Trelawny vous fera parvenir la traduction d'un memoire qui nous 
fut presente par le conseil provincial et par la commune de cette ville. t 
Vous savez tout ce qui s'est passe avec les Suliotes. Vous connaissez aussi 



APPENDIX. 273 

i s €tat du pays ; il ne vous reste a connaitre que les Suliotes sont dans la 
ville d'Anatolico, d'ou ils ne sortiront pas bien surement sans avoir regu 
leur solde pour les deux mois passes. En supposant meme que les heritiers 
de Milord ne voudraient pas reconnaitre cet engagement, je ne vols aucun 
autre moyen que celui de tirer cette somme sur nos deputes, qui la rem- 
bourseront aux heritiers de Milord. J'espere que votre opinion sera par- 
faitement d'accord avec la notre. 

J'ecris peu de mots au General Ulysse en me reservant de lui ecrire 
plus en detail demain. Vous pouvez mieux que personne le persuader que 
la seule maniere d'immortaliser son nom est celle de suivre le sentier de 
1'honneur, et du vrai patriotisme. 

Vuiellez bien agreer, Monsieur le Colonel, Passurance de mon devoue- 
ment, et d'une consideration la plus distinguee. 



A. Mavkocobdato, 



JL Monsieur, 

Jli. le tres honorable Col. L. Stanhope, &c. &r. 

a Salona. 



TRANSLATION. 

Missolonghi, 15-27 April, 1824. 

Colonel, 

Mr. Trelawnt has punctually delivered to me your letter of the 
19th inst. I feel most deeply the loss which afflicts you, and which will un- 
doubtedly be increased by that of a friend whom we shall never be able 
sufficiently to lament. 

This unfortunate occurrence has hitherto retarded my departure for Sa- 
lona ; but I am endeavouring to arrange, as soon as possible, the affairs 
which require my presence here, in order to rejoin you there. My parti- 
cular desire is to come to an understanding with General Odysseus and 
yourself on the general affairs of Greece. 

Mr. Trelawny will transmit to you the translation of a memorial pre- 
sented to us by the Provincial Council, and by the commonalty of this 
town. You know all that has occurred with respect to the Suliots ; you 
are also acquainted with the state of the country ; it only remains to inform 
you that the Suliots are in the town of Anatolico, from whence they cer- 
tainly will not depart without receiving their pay for the two last months* 
Supposing that his Lordship's heirs should refuse to recognize his engage- 
ment, I see no other means than to draw for this sum upon our deputies, 
who will repay it to his Lordship's heirs. I hope that your opinion will be 
perfectly in unison with mine. 

I write a few words to General Ulysses, reserving myself to write to him 
more in detail to-morrow. You can, better than any body, persuade him 

>r m 



2H APPENDIX. 

that the only way to immortalize his name is to pursue the path of honour 
and true patriotism. 

Receive, Colonel, the assurance of my devotion, and of the most distin- 
guished consideration. 

A. Mavrocobdato, 
To the Hon. Col. Stanhope, &c. &c. 
at Salona. 



No. 42. 

TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK. 

From the Authorities of JWissolonghi. 

Missolonghi, 11th April, 1824, 
Gentlemen, 

The wants of Greece, and particularly of these parts are known to 
every one. Lord Noel Byron, on his arrival here, promised to the govern- 
ment to pay a monthly salary to the Suliots during all the time of the war. 
He, besides, promised to pay five hundred soldiers more, but these only for 
three months. In consequence of these generous offers from his Lordship, 
the government engaged the said number of men since the beginning of 
January, at the rate of 30 piastres the Suliots, and 20 the others, with some 
larger allowances for the officers. This salary was to be paid to these 500 
men at the end of the three months. 

According to this engagement, and on the request of the Suliots, his 
Lordship advanced to the Suliots, on the 9th of February, the January's 
pay in 1544 Spanish dollars. They have now to receive the pay of the next 
two months till the end of March ; and the other five hundred men to be 
paid for three months. 

We are not ignorant that his Lordship was disgusted with the conduct of 
the Suliots in February ; but the above-mentioned engagement was already 
taken, and the government was bound to fulfil it by its documents. 

Sudden death having unfortunately deprived us of his person and assist- 
ance, we present to you the account of the said engagement down to the 
end of March ; which is follows : 

Two months' pay for the Suliots Jg 3088 

Three months' pay for 500 men 3000 

Thirty officers, at 5 § each 450 

Two generals, at 40 g 240 



Spanish dollars ....... Jg 6778 



APPENDIX. 22$ 

This request seems to us just, as the government, conscious as it was of 
Its poverty, would never have engaged itself to pay salaries to soldiers in 
this way, and to put itself under this great inconvenience. 

You, gentlemen, are requested particularly to examine this business, and 
to be pleased to order the payment of this sum. 

We have the honour, &c. &c. 
The Counsellors of the Government. The Ephores of Missolonghi, 

Sano Gaeani, Apostoli Capsali, 

Giovanni Tricupi, Sergio Papasogitt, 

Tazzi Magina, Georgio Farando, 

$eqrgio Enian, Anastasio Valsamacui, 



No. 43. 
From Captain Trelaxony to Colonel Stanhope. 

Missolonghi, April 28th, 1824. 

Bear Stanhope, 

Letters from Zante inform us of the arrival there of Mr. Blaquiere, 
m the ship Florida, having made an extraordinary quick passage. He has 
brought out in specie four hundred thousand pounds sterling, consigned to 
the house of Barff. I am sorry for Greece, that neither you nor * * * are 
In the commission. I hear nothing of * * *, and conclude, if he is coming, 
that he has some portion of the loan for some particular service ; bringing 
out ships with regulars, Sec. but to-morrow we shall hear further from Zante, 
and your letter will, I conclude, enlighten you. Blaquiere is going straight 
to the Morea. I know not if he will land here ; if he does, I will come on 
with him to Salona. Do, for God's sake ! however, see Gordon and Bla- 
quiere ; and now Lord Byron is no more, some one must be for the time 
added to the commission, certainly you or * * *, or things will not go well. 
Advise Odysseus what he had best do. The government will be now at once 
effective, and sweep every obstacle before its golden torrent. The past 
must be wiped out : no bickerings of what has been done, but what js to be 
done. I will write a note to Blaquiere to see you as soon as possible. I 
shall certainly be at Salona in a few days, most anxious to have your opinion 
and advice on this new state of things. 

Believe me, dear Colonel, 

Yours, very truly, 

Edward Treeawnt. 

P.S. Where is Humphreys ? Let him attend on Gordon. I still hope 
• * * will come out with Gordon. 

I think Byron's name was the great means of getting the loan. A Mr. 
Marshall, with ^8000 per annum, was as far as Corfu, and turned back on 



276 APPENDIX. 

hearing of Lord B.'s death. I hear nothing of Gordon. You are to act as 
deputy till his arrival, and, of course, will fill up the vacancy of Byron. They 
talk now openly of a king ; foreign they say ; I mean Mavrocordato says, 
that he knows all the Primates of the Morea are for it, and Conduriotti de- 
cidedly. This is the worst news I have heard ; but I think the feeling of 
our country is against it, and I hope you will make them speak out, and try 
the voice of the people. The people are never consulted. I know the 
army and people are against a king in toto. 

I want Blaquiere to meet you at Saiona, and go to Argos to meet Con- 
duriotti. If the elections were carried on as at Athens, in the other parts 
of Greece, there would be no fear of legitimacy. 



No. 44. 
From Captain Trelatony to Colonel Stanhope. 

Missolonghi, April 29th, 1824. 
Dear Stanhope, 

******, I fear me, is not coming. The greatest man in 
the world has resigned his mortality in favour of this sublime cause ; for had 
he remained in the quiet life I urged him to renounce in Italy, he had lived. 
I call on you, in the name of Greece, to do all you can to fill his place. I 
say you can do the greatest service to the cause, and you must not leave 
us : you are public property, and must sacrifice all private duties and ties. 
I am a poor nameless individual ; yet I feel I am of importance, for 1 have 
done good, as can every honest and independent man, however employed. 
I have ties, duties, and inclinations, which call on me from other countries ; 
but I turn a deaf ear to them all, till awakened Greece is free. I am sick 
at heart that I have lost the friend and companion of many years, for I find 
that he had written me many letters, but both his letters and my letters 
never reached their destination : such is the villanous short-sighted system 
of the policy of these people, for " murder will out." Byron, had I met him, 
instead of sending Finlay, would have been at Saiona now. His name was 
the means chiefly of raising the loan in England. Thousands of people 
were flocking here : some had arrived as far as Corfu, and hearing of his 
death, confessed they came out to devote their fortunes, not to the Greeks 
or interest in the cause, but to the noble poet ; and the pilgrim of eternity 
having departed, they turned back. Every one says, Gamba and all, that 
neither Byron, nor any one else, has given the Committee's stores to Mav- 
rocordato. I have ascertained that you are legally and indisputably now in 
full possession and full power. Hodges and Gill will not stay here. All 
the English wish to be off. 



APPENDIX. 27T 

Do, my dear sir, take some prompt and decisive steps. I will, if you like, 
execute them. You know the wants of Eastern Greece. Could you not 
consign some portion of these stores to that part, on condition of the Greek 
government's approval? Divide the artillery brigade in two; for it is in 
force two brigades. I speak my sentiments fearlessly to all, so you will not 
object to my frankness. 

Yours, ever sincerely, 

Tbelawnt. 



No. 45. 

From Mavrocordato to Col. Stanhope. 

Missolonghi, le ler Mai, 1824, 
Monsieur le Colonel, 

Messieurs Conte Cesare Logothetti et Samuel Barff, ainsi que M= 
Blaquiere m'ont de nouveau envoye des lettres pour vous que je me suis 
empresse de remettre a M. de Trelawny. M. Blaquiere m'ecrit que dans 
le cas que vous ne pourriez pas vous rendre pres du gouvernement, il croit 
du moins necessaire que vous vous rendiez a Zante. Je crois que vous 
vous deciderez plutot a vous rendre pres du gouvernement, oii votre pre- 
sence pourra etre de la plus grande utilite. En tout cas, la decision ne 
peut etre mieux remise qu'a vos sentimens si bien connus pour le bien de 
)a Grece. 

J'ai l'honneur d'etre avec le plus parfait devouement, 

Votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur, 

A. Mavrocordato. 
A Monsieur, 

Monsieur Vhonorable Col. L. Stanhope, &c. &c. 
Salona. 

TRANSLATION. 

Missolonghi, 1st May, 1824 
Colonel, 

Count Caesar Logotheti and M. Samuel BarfF, as also Mr. Blaquiere, 
have again transmitted to me letters for you, which I have hastened to de- 
liver to Mr. Trelawny. Mr. Blaquiere writes to me, that in case you are 
not able to proceed to the seat of government, he thinks it, at all events, 
mecessary that you should proceed to Zante. I am of opinion that you will 
decide rather on proceeding to the seat of government, where your pre- 



278 APPENDIX. 

sence will be of the greatest service. In any case, the decision cannot be 
better referred than to your well known sentiments for the good of Greece. 
I have the honour to be, with the most perfect devotion, 

Your most humble and obedient servant, 

A. Mavrocobbato. 
To the Hon. Col L. Stanhope, &c. &c. 
at Salona. 



No. 46. 
From the Depnty-Adjutant-General to Col. Stanhope. 

Horse-Guards, 19th March, 1824. 
Sir, 

I have the Commander-in-Chiefs commands to acquaint you that His 
Majesty has been pleased to cancel the leave of absence granted to you on 
the 30th of September last ; and I am therefore to express His Royal High- 
ness's desire that you do forthwith repair to Corfu and report yourself to 
Lieut. General Sir F Adam, from whom you will receive His Majesty's fur- 
ther commands as to your return to England. I am further commanded by 
His Royal Highness, to acquaint you that any neglect or delay on your part 
in obeying this order, or such as you may receive from Sir F. Adam, will 
be visited with His Majesty's highest displeasure. 

I have the honour to be, &c. 

J. Macboxald, 
Deputy -Adjutant- Genera I 
To the Hon. Leicester Stanhope. 



No. 47. 

From Mavrocordato to Colonel Stanhope. 

Mon cher Monsieur le Colonel, 

J'ai tarde a repondre a votre demiere lettre de Salona, parceque 
je ne savais pas si ma reponse devait etre addressee a Argos ou a Zante. 

Vous aurez deja appris tout ce que nous soufirons de la presence des 
Souliotes dans ces villes, qu'ils sont decides de ne pas quitter avant d'avoir 
recu les arrieres de leur solde. J'ai fait et je ne manquerai pas de faire 
mon possible pour empecher des desordres qui ameneraient la ruine totale de 



APPENDIX, 279 

cette partie essentielle de la Grece, mais mes efforts finiront par etre im- 
puissants bientot, si le gouvernement n'arrive pas a terns a mon secours. 

Pour ce que vous me dites dans votre lettre relativement au laboratoire, 
il n'y a point de doute que je ne negligerai jamais mes devoirs, mais vous 
n'ignorez pas, M. le Colonel, que je n'ai aucune liste des objets qui en font 
partie ; ainsi ma responsabilitie est bornee a la protectioa due a cet etab- 
lissement, dont le directeur doit repondre du reste. 

Vous saurez deja que l'assemblee de Salone s'est dissoute, apres avoir 
fini ses operations d'un accord cornmun, Plusieurs des representans de cette 
partie se sont deja achemines vers le siege du gouvernement, le reste s'y 
rendra bientot. 

Vous verrez dans le No. 36 des Chroniques Grecques une lettre que j'ai 
cru devoir adresser a M. Pra'ides, pour la faire inserer dans cette feuille 5 
j'espere que vous approuverez les sentimens qui me l'ont dictee. 

Veuillez bien agreer l'assurance de mon estime et de la consideration 
tres distinguee, avec la quelle j'ai l'honneur d'etre 

Monsieur le Colonel, 
Votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur, 

A. Mavkocordato, 
v? V Honorable M. le Colonel Stanhope, &c. &c. Zante, 



(TRANSLATION.) 

My dear Colonel, 

I have delayed answering your last letter from Salona, because I 
knew not whether my answer should be addressed to Argos or to Zante. 

You will already have learned all that we suffer from the presence of the 
Suliots in these towns, which they have determined not to quit before they 
receive the arrears of their pay. I have done, and 1 shall not fail to do, all 
that lies in my power to prevent those disorders which would end in the 
total ruin of this essential part of Greece, but my exertions will soon be- 
come powerless, if the government does not come timely to our assistance. 

With respect to what you say in your letter relative to the laboratory, I 
certainly shall never neglect my duties ; but you are not ignorant, Colonel, 
that 1 have no list of the objects which form a part of it ; so that my respon- 
sibility is limited to the protection due to that establishment, and the di- 
rector must answer for the rest. 

You will already know that the Assembly of Salona has dissolved itself, 
after having completed its operations with unanimity ; and several of the 
representatives of this part have already set off for the seat of government, 
and the rest will soon proceed thither. 

You will see in No. 36 of the Greek Chronicle a letter, which I have 
thought it my duty to address to M. Pra'ides, to be inserted in thai journal; 
and I hope that you will approve of the sentiments which have dictated it. 



280 APPENDIX. 

Receive the assurance of my esteem and of the most distinguished con- 
sideration, with which I have the honour to be, 

Colonel, 
Your most humble and obedient servant, 

A. Mavrocoriiato. 
To the Hon. Col. Stanhope, &c. &c. at Zante. 



No. 48. 

From Mavrocordato to Captain Blaquiere. 

Missolonghi, le 10-22 Mai, 1824. 

Mon tres cher ami, 

Vous trouverez ci-inclus les extraits d'une Jettre de Yousouf Pa- 
cha, intercepted, et d'une autre que le General Scaltza vient de m'adresser. 
Vous y verrez l'imminence du danger si le plan de l'ennemi n'est pas pa- 
ralyse, et je ne vois pas d'autre expedient que celui de faire sortir le plu- 
tdt possible notre flotte a la rencontre de celle qui vient de l'Egypte : celle- 
ci pourra elre d'autant plus facilement attaquee avec avail tage, qu'elle aura 
a proteger plus de deux cents transports. L'expedition maritime une fois 
paralyse, il n'y a plus rien a craindre des expeditions du cote de terre, et 
tout le plan de campagne de l'ennemi est renverse" ; mais pour faire sortir 
notre flotte, il faudra de l'argent : le donnera-t-on ? Qu'on le garde pour 
une meilleure occasion. Le General Scaltza demande du secours; com- 
ment les lui envoyer ? Puis-je decider les Souliotes ? Ah ! si je l'avais pu, 
ils ne seraient pas dans ces deux malheureuses villes a exiger ce que nous 
ne pouvons pas leur procurer, et a menacer d'une destruction totale le peu 
qui reste de la Grece Occidentale ; mais que m'importe que ces deux villes, 
qui ont deja deux fois servi de boulevard au Peloponnese, a toute la Grece 
meme, tombent plutot sous les coups des Souliotes que sous ceux du Pacha 
de Scoudra? C'est tout a fait la meme chose. 

On demande de tout cote des munitions, et je n'ai pas meme mille livres 
de plomb. Nous vous devons une reconnaissance infinie de la poudre que 
vous nous avez procuree moyennant votre garantie ; sans cela, nous en au- 
rions egalement manque. Je ne sais quelles difficultes a-t-on voulu elever 
encore aujourd'hui sur Pemploi de l'argent destine a la reparation des for- 
tifications, et remis par M. le Comte Gamba aux soins d'une commission. 
Get argent est, dit-on, clu Comite, et d'apres un ordre de M. le Colonel Stan- 
hope, ne devrait pas etre employe jusqu'a I'arrive de M Gordon. Je n'ai 
pas encore eu le terns de me bien informer ; mais ce serait bien extraordi- 
naire, puisque je crois etre sur que cet argent appartient a Milord, et que 



APPENDIX. 281 

c'est de lui mime qu'il fut destine a cet effet. Du reste, M. le Colonel ne 
m'en dit rien dans sa lettre, dont e vous envoye copie, et sur laquelle 
vous me permettrez sans doute de vous faire quelques observations, que je 
me reserve de lui faire aussi dans une reponse, qui lui sera addressee at 
Londres, puisque on m'a assure, qu'il a du quitter Zante depuis avant hier. 

M. le Colonel m'invite a remettre a. M. Trelawny trois canons et un obus, 
le seul existant ici, avec les munitiones necessaires, pour le General Ulysse. 
Je prevois bien des difficultes que je rencontrerai de la part du people - f 
qui voyant cette ville menacee par terre et par mer, et connaissant le grand 
besoin qu'il y a des canons, et surtout, la manque presque total de muni- 
tions, ne verra pas sans doute avec indifference, tous ces objets emportes 
d'ici, tandis qu'on avait deja pense de placer ces nie*mes canons, en cas de 
Ibesoin, a Procopanistos, et sur les batteries des ailes. Je ferai cependant 
tout ce que je pourrai pour prevenir une tumulte de sa part, mais M. Tre- 
lawny a voulu aussi emporter d'abord toute la brigade de l'artillerie, en y 
engageant les officiers et soldats a mon inscu, ce qui m'ayant oblige a rap* 
peler ces braves a leur devoir, il est venu alors me demander la permission 
de prendre avec lui une partie de la brigade. Ce serait diviser inutilement 
un corps, qui, au lieu d'etre ainsi affoibli devait etre au contraire augment^ 
afin de servir au but pour lequel il fut cree\ 

Je passe au dernier paragraphe, principal objet, a ce que je crois, de la 
lettre de M le Colonel. Je n'ai rien a m'approprier de tout ce qu'il ecrit. 
S'il est attache" a notre constitution, je crois que celui qui se glorifie d'avoir 
contribue a sa confection doit l'etre beaucoup plusque tout autre. Je sais, 
(et j'ai mime tous les documens entre mes mains) que M. Negri avait ad- 
dresse\ il y a plus de 18 mois, des circulaires en favuer d'un gouvernement 
monarchique, dont l'ex-roi de Vestphalie Jerome devait etre le chef, et je 
sais aussi, que je fus le premier a combattre son opinion. Serait-ce M. Ne° 
gri le bad man de M. le Colonel Stanhope ? Je sais positivement aussi, que 
sous l'ombre de la constitution, plusieurs Capitaines font tout ce que les 
plus grands despotes du monde ne feraient peut etre pas : qu'ils cassent 
les bras et les jambes, et laissent dans cet etat des plus affreuses douleurs 
mourir des innocens, qu'ils tuent, qu'ils pendent, qu'ils font perir des 
hommes sans jugement prealable, qu'ils se permettent des vexations de 
toute sorte, qu'ils se revoltent, qu'ils trahissent meme la Patrie. Seraient* 
lis les good men de M. de Colonel ? C'est a ces derniers que je me suis 
toujours oppose au peril meme de ma vie ; mais j'ai toujours respecte" et 
soutenu la constitution, la constitution forte et agissante, et M. le Colonel 
ne parait courir qu'apres son ombre. Tout ce que je vous dis, cher ami, 
je n'hesiterai de le dire devant tout le monde. 

M. Trelawny croit necessaire que vous alliez a Hydra, et je crois plus 
necessaire d'y envoyer de 1'argent pour que la flotte sorte imm^diatemenL 
Mon opinion est, que vous devrez ou rester a Zante jusqu'a l'arrive de M. 
Gordon, ou passer ici et vous rendre pres du gouvernement. Je viens 
d'apprendre que M. Trelawny est tout en rage contre moi ? peut etre i cause 

2? n 



282 APPENDIX. 

de la brigade. Je me raoque bien de sa rage ; cette conduite de ces mes- 
sieurs, est vraiment digne de Pamour de la liberte dont ils veulent se glo- 
rifier. Y-a-t-il despotisme plus cruel que celui d'un etranger qui, sans auc in 
droit, veut commander sans avoir aucun egard aux lois existantes ? Mais, 
mon Dieu ! le premier venu croit-il done qu'il peut nous fouler aux pieds, 
ou nous croit-on capables de nous laisser mener par le nez par le premier 
intriguant ? Avons nous secoue le joug Ottoman, pour succomber a celui 
d'un autre ? Ah que non ! On a dit que j'ai vendu la Grece a PAngleterre. 
La Grece existe, et ceax qui ont ete porteurs de mes lettres en Angleterre, 
sauront dire ce qu'elles contenaient, et si j'ai vendu ma patrie. Je crois 
lui avoir rendu des services; c ? etait mon devoir. On dit a present, que je 
veux un despote ; non, e'est justement parceque je n'en veux aucun, que 
Yon m'accuse. Je veux que les loix regnent et qu'elles ne soient pas a la 
discretion d'une centaine de despotes qui les foulent aux pieds. J'ai tou- 
jours donne, et je suis encore le premier a donner, Pexemple de Pobeis- 
sance ; mais s'il est destine que la Grece tombe aux pieds d'un despotisme 
militaire, d'un Hydra, pas a sept, mais a cent tetes, je ne serai ni ^instrument 
aveugle, ni le serviteur tres humble de ces nouveaux tyrans. Adieu, cher 
ami, j'espere vous voir bientot, faites tout ce que vous pouvez pour secourir 
ma malheureuse patrie dans ces momens critiques ; faites sorter la flotte, et 
utilisez, s 5 il est possible, le corps des Souliotes, qui non seulement sont inu- 
tiles ici, mais nous menacent encore d'une guerre intestine. Agreez Pas- 
surance de mon devouement. Vous pourrez faue Pusage que vous croyez 
a propos de ma lettre. 

A. Mavrocordato* 



(TRANSLATION.) 

Missolonghi, 10-22 May, 1824. 

My very dear Friend, 

You will find enclosed extracts from an intercepted letter of 
Yousouf Pacha, and from another which General Scaltza has just addressed 
to me. You will there see the imminence of the danger if the plan of the 
enemy is not paralyzed, and I see no other expedient than the fitting out 
our fleet as speedily as possible to meet that of Egypt, which may be at- 
tacked with so much the more advantage, as it will have to protect more 
than two hundred transports. The naval expedition once paralized, there 
will be no longer any thing to fear from the land-expeditions, and the 
whole of the enemy's plan for the campaign will be overthrown. But to 
fit out the fleet money will be wanting : will it be granted ? Let it be re- 
served for a better occasion. General Scaltza asks assistance : how is it to 
be sent to him ? Can I determine the Suliots ? Ah ! could I have done 
go, they should not now have been in these unfortunate towns, exacting 
y/hat we cannot procure them, and threatening the little that remains of 



APPENDIX. 28S 

Western Greece with total destruction. But what matters it to me whether 
these two towns, which have already twice served as bulwarks to the Pello- 
ponnesus, and even to the whole of Greece, fall under the vengeance of the 
Suliots or of the Pacha of Scoudra ? It is all one. 

Ammunition is demanded on all sides, and 1 have not even a thousand 
pounds of lead. We owe you an infinite deal of gratitude for the powder 
which you have procured for us by means of your guarantee. Without 
that, we should have been equally in want of it also. I know not what diffi- 
culties it has been wished even now to raise, with respect to the employ- 
ment of the money destined for the repairs of the fortifications, and placed 
by Count Gamba in the charge of a commission. This money, they say, 
belongs to the Committee, and, in pursuance of an order of Col. Stanhope, 
cannot be made use of until the arrival of Mr. Gordon. I have not yet 
had time to inform myself well upon the subject ; but this would be very 
extraordinary, as I think I am sure that this money belongs to his Lordship, 
and that it was by himself that it was destined to that purpose. Moreover, 
the Colonel says nothing to me about it in his letter, of which I send you 
a copy, and on which you will undoubtedly permit me to make some obser- 
vations to you, which I reserve to myself to make also to him, in an answer 
which will be addressed to him in London, as I am assured that he was to 
quit Zante the day before yesterday. 

The Colonel desires me to deliver to Mr. Trelawny three cannons and a 
howitzer, the only one in the place, together with the necessary ammuni- 
tion, for General Ulysses. I foresee that I shall meet with many difficulties 
on the part of the people, who seeing this town threatened by land and sea, 
and knowing the great need that there is of cannon, and the almost total 
want of ammunition, will not undoubtedly see with indifference all these 
objects carried away from hence, while it was already in agitation to place 
these cannon at Procopanistos, and on the batteries of the wings. [ will, 
nevertheless, do all in my power to prevent a tumult on their part ; but Mr. 
Trelawny has also wished to carry off, in the first place, the whole brigade 
of artillery, by engaging the officers and soldiers to it unknown to me 5 
which having obliged me to recall these brave men to their duty, he has 
since come to ask my permission to take with him a part of the brigade. 
This would be uselessly to divide a corps which, instead of being thus weak- 
ened, ought, on the contrary, to be increased, in order to fulfil the object 
for which it was created. 

I pass on to the last paragraph, the principal objeot, as I believe, of the 
letter of the Colonel ; I have nothing to appropriate to myself of all that he 
writes. If he is attached to our constitution, I think that he whose boast it 
is to have contributed to its formation, ought to be much more so than any 
other. I know (and I have even all the documents in my hands) that M. 
Negri addressed, more than eighteen months ago, circulars in favour of a 
monarchical government, of which the ex-King of Westphalia, Jerome, was 
to be the head, and I also know that I was the first to combat his opinion? 



284 APPENDIX, 

Should this M. Negri be the bad man of Colonel Stanhope ? I know posi- 
tively also, that, under the shadow of the constitution, several Captains do 
that which the greatest despots in the world would not, perhaps, do : that 
they break legs and arms, and leave in this state of the most dreadful tor- 
ture innocent men to perish ; that they kill, that they hang, that they de- 
stroy men without previous trial ; that they allow themselves all sorts of vex- 
ations ; that they revolt ; that they even betray their country. Should these 
be the Colonel's good men ? These latter I have always opposed, even at 
the peril of my life ; but I have always respected and maintained the consti- 
tution, the constitution in its strength and activity, and the Colonel appears 
only to be running after its shadow. All that I say to you, my dear friend, 
I will not hesitate to say before the whole world. 

Mr. Trelawny thinks it necessary that you should go to Hydra, and I think 
it more necessary to send money thither, that the fleet may be immediately 
fitted out. My opinion is, that you should either remain at Zante until the 
arrival of Mr. Gordon, or come hither and proceed to the seat of govern- 
ment. I have just learned that Mr. Trelawny is quite enraged against me, 
perhaps on account of the brigade. I laugh at his rage. This conduct, on 
the part of these gentlemen, is well worthy of the love of liberty of which 
they wish to make their boast. Can there be a more cruel despotism than 
that of a foreigner, who, without any right whatever, wishes to command, 
without the least regard to the existing laws ? My Cod ! does the first 
comer think then that he can tread us under his feet, or are we thought ca- 
pable of being led by the nose by the first intriguer ? Have we shaken ofF 
the Ottoman yoke, only to fall beneath another ? Oh, no ! It has been said 
that I have sold Greece to England. Greece still exists, and those who were 
the bearers of my letters to England know well what they contained, and 
whether I have sold my country. I believe that 1 have been of service to 
her ; it was my duty. It is now said that I wish for a despot ; no, it is just 
because I do not want one that I am accused. I wish that the laws may 
reign, and that they may not be at the discretion of a hundred despots who 
trample them under foot. I have always given, and I am still the first to 
give, an example of obedience ; but if Greece is fated to fall at the feet of a 
military despotism, of a hydra, not with seven, but with a hundred heads, I 
will neither be the blind instrument, nor the very humble servant of these 
new tyrants. Adieu, my dear friend ; I hope soon to see you ; do all that 
you can to assist my unhappy country in this critical moment ; provide for 
the fitting out of the fleet, and, if possible, make useful the corps of Suliots, 
who are not only useless here, but who even menace us with an intestine 
war. Accept the assurance of my devotion. You may make whatever usp; 
you may think proper of my letter, 

A. Mavbocordatp 



APPENDIX, 285 



No. 49. 



Copia del Paragrafo di Lettera scritta li 3 Maggio, 1824, S. V. dal Sr. Anag- 
nosti Papastatopulo, da Pirgos y al Sr. Giorgio Zarifopulo, in Xante. 

Eccoti le notizie oggi ricevute. La famiglia Giatraco con quella di Pe- 
trombei e communemente tutti li Mistrioti si sono uniti con legami, scrittij 
e giuramenti, che si sono resi tutti in un* anima. In Caritena li Sigri, Deli- 
giani, Colocotroni, e Cogliopulo, dopo essere stati per alquanto tempo dis- 
cordi, sono stati obbligati dalla propria loro provincia, e si sono uniti fer- 
znamente, ed indissolubilmente. Cosl che Mistra cioe li Giatraco, Sparta, 
Caritena, Arcadia, Nissi, ^ndrussa, Calamata, Milachica, Cuyzucmani, e di- 
verse altra provincie si sono di nuovo strettamente unite. Questa parziale 
unione del Peloponeso e il precursore della pace generale, perche uniti tutti 
questi, e coll' andata del Generale Nichita in Argos, dove tratto col nobi- 
lissimo Sr. Giorgio Conduriotti, li quali scrissero concordemente alii capi 
che trovansi in Garitena, per andare in Argos e deffinire la pace, che deve 
certamente portare la felicita della Grecia. Percio dunque quelli che tro- 
varansi in Caritena, marciarono il primo di Maggio per Tripolizza, da ove 
sara spedito il Generale Cogliopulo in Argos, e poscia andranno li rima- 
nenti per unirsi con gli altri di varie provincie onde trattare la convenzione, 
Abbiamo ferme speranze che in pochissimi giorni rilucera. nella Grecia la 
pace generale, essendosi rese note le operazioni d* ambe le parti, da cui si 
conoscono le conseguenze delle discordie. 



(TRANSLATION.) 

Extract from a Letter, -written on the 3d May, 1824. O. S. by JSt. Jlnag* 
nasti Papastatopuloy at Pyrgos t to M, George Zarifopulo, at Xante. 

Tae following is the intelligence received this day. The family of Gia- 
traco, with that of Petrombey, and nearly all the Mistriotti, have united 
themselves with ties, covenants, and oaths, that they shall live in unani- 
nimity. In Caritena, Deligiani, Colocotroni, and Cogliopulo, after having 
been at discord for some time, have been compelled, by their own pro- 
vince, to unite firmly and indissoiubly. Thus Mistra, that is Giatraco., 
Sparta, Caritena, Arcadia, Nissi, Androssa, Calamata, Milachica, Cuchuc- 
mani, and several other provinces, have coalesced again in the firmest man- 
ner. This partial union of the Peloponnesus is the forerunner of a gene- 
ral peace ; for these being united, and General Niketas having departed 
for Argos, where he negotiated with the noble George Conduriotti, who 
wrote amicably to the chiefs at Caritena, inviting them to repair to Argos 
and to conclude the peace ; all this will necessarily ensure the happiness 



2B6 APPENDIX 

of Greece. Those who were at Caritena consequently marched on the 
1st of May, for Tripolitza, from whence General Cog-Hoputo wiD be des- 
patched to Argus, and the remainder will proceed to join the other chiefs 
of the different provinces, in order to negotiate the convention. We en- 
tertain firm hopes, that, in a few days, a general peace will be established 
throughout Greece. The acts of both parties being- placed in a clear pout 
ew, and all knowing what would be the consequences of discord, 



X 



Sleek Committee-Boom, Crown and Anchor, 
Tth February, 1824. 

rtroct frtm the -Minvtet. 

JOSEPH HUME, Esft. M. P. in tie Chair. 

Rz ::■'.: id. 

J-.^z v. r . ■ :. ■ i " :- " :'--.■: zii :: ::r: ?!i C :". 5:i-.r. " ■= v.:: 
a credit for 1002. to be applied to the furthering the establishment of 
presses and hospitals, referred to in his letter of the 23d December, [vide 
p. 46,] of which the Committee request him to furnish an account, and 
that Col. Stanhope be assured that the most detailed relation he can give, 
on all interesting matters, will be welcome to the Committee. 

London, 1 1 F- -uary, 1824. 
dear Stanhope. 

■ above is a resolution of the Committee in regard to your let- 
-re much delighted with your letters. 
They think the establishment of posts should be left: to the government. 
They will apply to the Quakers for medicines and blankets. The depu- 
i have arrived, and we have the best auspices for a loan. We expect 
about 15002. from the country, which we shall employ in accordance with 
your directions. Two sets of surgical instruments are ordered. We have 
had letters from Parry, from Malta, and hope he is with you by this time. 
They were all well e nt, who was too ill to proceed, and is about to 

return to England. This was the young man who went as surgeon, and is 
the sob of " Examiner ' Hunt. 



APPENDIX. 287 

4th March, 1824. 
The loan is now effected, and I send you the prospectus. The 
terms were much better than we could expect. It was wonderful to see 
how many offers were made of money : they amounted to two millions and 
a half. I send you some newspapers: you will see how they go on in the 
country by the provincial ones. Liverpool had a meeting of tories, whigs, 
and all parties, and Gladstone made a most favourable speech. They have 
already collected 45C7. We shall have about 2000/. in hand from the coun- 
try, which will be applied according to your directions. The loan bears a 
premium of 3 per cent, on the Stock Exchange. 

March 5, 1824. 
I have now to inform you, my dear Stanhope, that, in addition to 
the former 100/. the Committee have placed a further sum of 500/. at your 
disposal, for^which you may draw on Bowring & Co. I have made ap- 
plication to the Quakers, who will themselves write to you, and certainly 
comply with your wishes. We have about 1500/. in hand, any part of which 
I shall cheerfully recommend to be placed at your disposal ; and if you want 
funds, do you draw on my house, without reserve, to that extent. The 
Committee are exceedingly pleased with what you have done. Your let- 
ters give high satisfaction to every body, and now with this loan, which, we 
think, has been effected on very advantageous terms, we do not doubt the 
salvation of Greece, to which your efforts have so greatly contributed. I 
send you, per ship, all the newspapers, (a morning and evening,) and the 
first number of the Westminster Review. 

Blaquiere will give you all details with respect to the state of things 
here ; and believe me, most truly and gratefully, 

Yours, 

John Bowring. 



No. 51. 

From the Adjutant- General to Colonel StanJiope. 

Horse-Guards, 1st July, 1824, 
3ir 3 

I have had the honour to lay before the Commander-in-Chief your 
letter of the 29th ultimo, reporting your arrival in this country from the 
Mediterranean ; and am directed to acquaint you, in reply, that His Royal 
Highness fully approves of the course you have pursued in this case. 
I have the honour to be, 
Sir, 

Your most obedient humble servant, 

H. TORRENS 

JAeutenanU Colonel lion, Leicester Stanhope, Half -Pay. 



288 APPENDIX, 



No. 52. 



Greek Committee-Room, 17th July, 1824, 

JOHN SMITH, Esq. M. P. in the Chair. 

Colonel Stanhope's Report was read. 

Resolved, 

That the Honourable Colonel Stanhope is entitled to the most 
grateful thanks of the Committee, for the unwearied zeal, sound discretion, 
and extensive benevolence, manifested by him, while acting as their agent 
in Greece; and that the Committee anticipates great benefits to Greece 
from the exertions and suggestions which distinguished his visit to that 
country, and desires particularly to record and to communicate its high ap- 
probation of his efforts to promote harmony and a good understanding 
among the different leaders in Greece : a result greatly advanced by his 
conciliatory spirit and superiority to party-considerations 

John BowRnrG, Hon. Sec. 



MUSTAPHA ALL 



Mustapha A li, a Turkish youth, was brought to 
England by Colonel Stanhope, on his return from Greece, 
His life, though short, has been eventful, and his character 
is strongly illustrative, even at the early age of ten years, of 
that semi-barbarous state of morals and society which cha- 
racterizes the half Europeanized Asiatics, who have for so 
many ages oppressed the south-eastern extremity of the most 
civilized portion of the globe. 

The father of Mustapha was a Turk, who commanded a 
small district in the neighbourhood of Argos previously to 
the Greek revolution ; at an early period of which, he, to- 
gether with his wife and the whole of hts family, with the 
exception of this boy, fell victims to the fury of the enfran- 
chised Greeks. Mustapha Ali alone escaped this dreadful 
scene of retributive vengeance, to encounter a course of life 
than which death itself is almost more desirable. Like a 
dog he prowled about naked for subsistence, and was kicked 
or fondled as caprice dictated, and constantly half-starved 
and destitute of a home. From Argos he followed in the 
suite of a traveller to Salona, where he again led a similar 
life to that which he had previously been subjected to. In 
the summer he laid up and down in the streets, and found 
refuge for the nights, during the winter, in an oven, which 
became his favourite dormitorv. The menial slave of ser- 
vants, he performed for them the dirty work which they 
loathed to undertake ; and, though still naked and craving 
with hunger, the little Turk contrived to make himself agree- 
able to the Greeks by his good humour and his fun* 

o o 



290 MULTAPHA ALL 

At this time, Captain Humphries, happening to pass by 
Salona, saw Ali, and took a liking to him. He clothed the 
little orphan, and took him into his suite, of which he quickly 
became the life and spirit. Released from the state of 
destitution in which he had been plunged, the gaiety of the 
boy became greater than ever. Sometimes he rode on a 
mule at the top of the trunks, sometimes he walked for 
seven or eight hours together over the mountains; but what- 
ever mode of travelling he chose to adopt he was always at 
the head of the cavalcade, singing, dancing, mimicking, and 
laughing at every thing and at every body. 

When Colonel Stanhope was recalled by the British go- 
vernment, he offered to take charge of Ali, to which Cap- 
tain Humphries consented with much reluctance. During 
his stay in the quarantine house at Zante, Ali became very 
partial to the little Turkish girl whom Lord Byron had 
adopted as a companion to his beloved Ada. On her resto- 
ration to her father, Ali was very sorrowful and disconso- 
late, and wept for her absence for many days. The same 
grief was felt on the departure of his former master for 
Argos ; and, days after he was gone, Ali would burst into 
tears whenever he saw any thing that put him in mind of 
his protector : on one occasion in particular, when on board 
ship, he was seen in a retired place weeping bitterly over an 
embroidered handkerchief which had been given to him by 
Captain Humphries. 

On his arrival in England, Ali was dreadfully alarmed 
lest he should be slaughtered as soon as he had landed, and 
was most anxious to have been allowed to remain on board. 
This request could not be complied with, and when, on his 
coming on shore, he was ordered to mount the stage coach, 
a kind of conveyance which he had never previously seen, 
with a precaution indispensable in the country he had so re- 
cently quitted, he seated himself on the top of one of his 
master's trunks and put his legs upon the other, nor could 



MUSTAPHA ALL 2$1 

he be induced to quit his post, lest the property should be 
stolen. His notions of property are indeed far from precise, 
and he may well be pardoned for suspecting others of that 
propensity to plunder which formed so marked a feature in 
the character of those among whom his earliest years had 
been passed. 

Ali now attends the Lancasterian School in the Borough 
Road, where he acquits himself so well as to bring home 
daily a card of merit. He was at first very desirous to have 
been admitted into the girls' school, but the directors refused, 
of course, to allow the young Turk to associate with their 
female pupils. He will not, however, allow that his parents 
were Turks : it is, indeed, an unpardonable offence to him 
to be called a Turk, or even to apply to him his praenomen 
of Mustapha. He hates the Turks : he hates also to have 
his turban touched ; and a gentleman having one day made 
an effort to take it off, the little barbarian drew his pistol, 
and raved on account of its not being loaded. His general 
habits and attachments are military, and he is conversant 
with the use of arms. On one occasion, when no one could 
fire a pistol which was out of order, Ali, after repeated 
trials, rubbed the flint and pan with sulphur and succeeded 
in discharging it. He is very fond of dancing, which he 
performs in a manner closely resembling that of the ancient 
Greeks, deviating only by firing off his pistols while he twirls. 
He has also a taste for music and singing, and is an admira- 
ble mimic. 

It is, however, of more importance to his future well-do- 
ing, and to his present character, to state that he is most 
faithful and obedient to his master's orders. He may indeed 
be regarded upon the whole as a clever boy, full of talent 
and feeling, alloyed by pride, obstinacy, revenge, and sundry 
other vices of his caste. 



TABLE OP CONTENTS. 



LETTER I. 

To J. Boiuring, Esq. 

Page 
Colonel Stanhope's Offer to proceed to Greece as Agent of the Greek 
Committee 1 

LETTER II. 

To the same. 

Colonel Stanhope's Negotiations with the Philhellene Committee at 
Darmstadt : 2 

LETTER III. 

To the same. 
Negotiations with the Philhellene Committee at Zurich 4 

LETTER IV. 

To the same. 

Conversations with a Swiss Colonel, relative to the Military System of 
Switzerland ; and with M. Fellenberg and Count Capo d'lstria, rela- 
tive to the Affairs of Greece . 8 

LETTER V. 

To the same. 

Financial and Military System of Geneva — Conference with Count 
Capo d'Istria — Greek Emigrants VZ 



294 CONTENTS. 

LETTER VI. 

To the same. 

Page 

Conference with the Chev. Mustoxidi at Milan IS 

LETTER VII. 

To the same. 
Conference with M. Rizo, at Florence 16 

LETTER VIII. 

To the same. 

Pisa — Conference with the Metropolitan Ignatius — Government of the 
Ionian Islands — Policy of England, with respect to Greece — Popu- 
larity of Mr. Bentham's Works on the Continent V? 

LETTER IX. 

To the same. 

Conference with an intelligent Greek, settled at Ancona — Resources 
of Greece— Pacha of Egypt — Revolutionary Greek Society at Mos- 
cow — Discussions at Ancona relative to a Vessel which came into 
Port under Greek Colours 2d 

LETTER X. 

To the same. 

Gefalonia — Lord Byron — Colonel Napier — M. Paraidi — State of Affairs 
in Greece — Colonel S/s Views — Naval Victory over the Turks — Po- 
pularity of Mavrocordato 25 

LETTER XI. 

To Prince Mavrocordato. 

Announcing Colonel S.'s Arrival at Zante 29 

LETTER XII. 

To J. Bo-wring, Esq. 

Arrival at Missolonghi — Interview with Mavrocordato— Formation of 
an Artillery Corps ......... 51 



CONETNTS. 

LETTER XIII. 

To the same. 



295 



Page 



Laboratory— Artillery Corps Hospital Post— -Greek Fleet- 
Schools — Defences of Missolonghi and Anatolico ....... 33 

LETTER XIV. 

To the General Government. 
Urging the necessity of putting an End to the Dissentions . . . * 36 

LETTER XV. 

To J. Bo-wring, Esq. 

Artillery Corps — Press — Advantages of sending to Greece Money ra- 
ther than Things — Expedition against Lepanto — Patras — Conversa- 
tions with Natives— Greek Scriptures . 37 

LETTER XVI. 

To the same. 

Loan of 100/. towards the Payment of the Sailors — Objects already car- 
ried into Effect— Loan - Press — Parry — Wants — Two extraordinary 
Boys — Misunderstanding between the Executive and Legislative Bo- 
dies 40 

LETTER XVII. 

To the same. 

Turkish Brig captured off Ithica — Dissensions in the Government- 
Public Meeting at Missolonghi for the Election of Magistrates- 
Conduct of the Printer and Mavrocordato with Respect to the Press — 
Post — Hospitals— Artillery Corps — Commotions in Albania . . » 43 

LETTER XVIII. 

To the same. 

Colonel S/s Letter to the General Government relative to the Estab- 
lishment of a Post— Critical State of Missolonghi — Press — Capture 
of Count Gamba by the Turks, and Lord Byron's Narrow Escape . 47 

LETTER XIX. 

To the same. 
<?ireek Chronicle — Press— Byron— Mavrocordato . ...'..., 51 



296 CONTENTS, 

LETTER XX. 

To M. Psylas. 

Page 
Offering him the Editorship of a Newspaper at the Seat of Government 52 

LETTER XXI. 

To J. Boivring> Esq. 

Meeting of the Primates of Western Greece — Population of Greece — 
Arbitrary Proceedings of the Executive Body — Removal of the Le- 
gislative Body to Cranidi 53 

LETTER XXIL 

To the same. 

Count Gamba's Escape — Parry — Conduct of the Executive Body — Ar- 
rival of Lord Byron at Missolonghi 57 

LETTER XXIII. 

To the same. 

Utilitarian Society — Sir T. Maitland's Proclamation against the 
Greeks — Reception of Lord Byron — Letter to the General Govern- 
ment on the Press — Establishmet of Schools — Religion—Proceed- 
ings of the Congress — Lepanto — State of Eastern Greece .... 58 

LETTER XXIV. 

To the same. 
©reek Chronicle — Congress — Lord Byron — Suliots ...... 64 

LETTER XXV. 

To the same. | 

German Artillerymen — Colocotroni — Noble Behaviour of some of his 
Soldiers — Asiatic Character of the Greeks l . . 65 

LETTER XXVI. 

To the same. 

Proclamation of the Executive Body — Korai's Letter to Mavrocordato 
— Press — German Corps — Captain Hasting's Plan for a Steam-Vessel 
— Lepanto , . 66 



CONTENTS. 297 

LETTER XXVII. 

To the same. 

Page 

Administration of Justice in Greece—Publicity— Mr. Bentham— -Riot 

among the Suliots — Greek Fleet— Press 69 

LETTER XXVIII. 

To the same. 

m 

Want of Practical Statesmen in Greece — Blockade of Missolonghi — 
Greek Chronicle — Lord Byron —Brulot 72 

LETTER XXIX. 

To the same. 
Questions proposed to Lord Byron, with His Lordship's Answers . . 74 

LETTER XXX. 

To the same. 
Account of the Capitano, Stonari, &c. ........... 76 

LETTER XXXI. 

To the same. 

Parry's Arrival at Ithaca — Capt. York's Claims for Restitution— Con- 
versation with Lord Byron — Quakers— Negropont . . . . . .78 

LETTER XXXII. 

To the same. 

New Executive Body — Suliots — Foreign Influence — Mavrocordato — 
Greek Constitution — Artillery Corps— Parry— Lepanto 81 

LETTER XXXIII. 

To Sir F. Stoven. 
Complaining of the Detention of Colonel S.'s Letters at Zante .' . , 83 

P p 



298 CONTENTS, 

LETTER XXXIV. 

To J. Boivring, Esq. 

Page 
Suliots — Travelling in Greece— Greek Absentees — Militia — Dispensary 
—Greek Bibles 84 

LETTER XXXV. 

To Prince Mavrocordato . 
On the Establishment of the Laboratory - . . . . ... . . 86 

LETTER XXXVL 

To J. Bo-wring, Esq. 

Charges against the late Executive — Knights of Malta — Press — Siege 
of Lepanto — Parry and the Englishmen — Want of Printers — Artillery 
Corps 8fc 

LETTER XXXVII. 

To the same. 

Release of Turkish Prisoners by Lord Byron — Laboratory — Artillery 
Corps — Gun-Boats — Presses — Lepanto 94 

LETTER XXXVIII. 

To the same. 
Parry's Plans — Suliots — Colocotroni and Mavrocordato — Press ... 92 

LETTER XXXIX. 

To the same. 

Defence of Missolonghi— Lord Byron's Fit— Progress of the Greeks in 
Knowledge — Mavrocordato 94 

LETTER XL. 

To the same. 

Turkish Brig on Shore near Missolonghi — Arrival of an English Frigate 
to demand Restitution — Capt. Sass killed in a Fracas with a Suliot— 
Refusal of the Workmen in the Laboratory to remain at Missolonghi 
— Greek Telegraph 96 



CONTENTS. 299 

LETTER XLL 

To the same. 

Page 

©olonel S.'s Departure from Missolonghi — Laboratory — English Me- 
chanics—Bivouac — Narrow Escape from a Party of Turkish Horse — 
Papa Georgio — Corinth — Monarchy 98 

LETTER XLH. 

To Lord Byron. 

JLepanto — Corinth — Athens— Public Meeting for the Election of Magis- 
trates — Odysseus — Corea — Bambas — Proposal of Odysseus for a Con- 
gress at Salona 102 

LETTER XLIII. 

To the same. 

Want of a Fire-Master, Powder, Lead, Guns, &c. at Athens — Imprudent 
Conduct of Lord J. Churchill ............. 105 

LETTER XLIV. 

To M. Bambas. 

Soliciting his Presence in Greece to edit a Newspaper at the Seat of 
Government, and offering to subscribe £50 towards the Undertak- 
ing 106 

LETTER XLV. 

To J, Boxuring, Esq. 

Museum — Letter from Odysseus to Corea — State of the Country— Capt. 
Humphrey's Departure for Missolonghi \Q? 

m LETTER XLV1. 

To Dr. Bojons. 

Requesting the Presses and other Articles belonging to the Commit- 
tee, to be sent from Napoli to Athens .......... . 108 



300 CONTENTS. 

LETTER XL VII. 

To J. Bo-wring, Esq. 

Page 
Ocfysseus — Congress — Press — State of the Morea — Museum — Police — 
School — Utilitarian Society — Steam Vessel — Candia — Elective Fran- 
chise 110 

LETTER XL VIII. 

To Signor Pappas. 
Recommending him to proceed to Athens 113 

LETTER XLIX. 

To Ge> eral Odysseus. 
Congress at Salona — Its Objects — Monarchy 114 

LETTER L. 

To the same. 
Utilitarian Society— Press 117 

LETTER LI. 

To J. Bo-wrings Esq. 
Press — Sophianopulo — Philo-Muse Society 118 

LETTER LU. 

To the Secretary of the Philo-Muse Society. 
Objects, &c. of the Society 119 

LETTER LDT. 

To J. Bo-wring, Esq. 

Emigration to Greece — Average Price of Land, Labour, Provisions, &c. 
at Athens — Factions 120 

LETTER LIV. 

To- the same. 
Turkish Preparations— Pacha of Egypt—Press 122 



CONTENTS. 301 

LETTER LV. 

To General Odysseus. 

Page 
Col. Stanhope offers to proceed to Napoli, Cranidi, &c. to promote 
Reconciliation, &c. — Congress 124 

LETTER LVL 

To the same. 
On the Formation of a Constitutional Force ib. 

LETTER LVII. 

To J. Bo-wring, Esq. 

Letters to Ipsilanti, Mavrocordato, the General Government, and the 
Governor of Hydra, enclosing Copies of the Minute of the Greek Com- 
mittee recommending Union— Mavrocordato and Lord Byron's Pro- 
mise to attend the Congress at Salona — Prospectus of the Greek 
Telegraph — Anonymous Letter relative to General Goortho . . . 127" 

LETTER LVIII. 

To the same. 

Col. Stanhope's Answer to the Letter of the Athenians expressing 
their Approbation of his Conduct — The Motives and Consequences 
of his Conduct — Character of the leading Men — Congress — State of 
Greece 130 

LETTER LIX. 

To the same. 

Capt. Clifford — Parties — Salona — Col. Stanhope's Departure for iEgina 
and Napoli 133 

LETTER LX. 

To the same. 

Press at Hydra— French Squadron off Napoli — Correspondence with 
Pano Colocotroni — Discussion with, the Executive Body relative to 
the Congress at Salona . 135 



302 CONTENTS. 

LETTER LXI. 

To the same. 

Page 

Press — Letter to the Athenians on the Subject — Prospectus of "The 

Athens Free Press"— Ipsara 137 

LETTER LXTI. 

To the same. 

Conference with Pano Colocotroni and Metaxa — Argos — Meeting" of the 
Legislative Bod}- — Press — Offer of the Olympians to rise against the 
Turks 141 

LETTER LXin. 

To the same, 

Letter to the Legislative Body on the Means of attaining their proper 
Weight — Elections — General Assembly — Loan — Plan for the ensu- 
ing Campaign 145 

LETTER LXIV. 

To the same. 

Despatches from Athens — Conference with the Legislative Body — 
Departure from Argos — Corinth — Arrival at Salona — Parties . . . 147 

LETTER LXV. 

To the same. 

Negri — Loan — Sophianopulo's Cunning — Meeting — Press — Letter to 
Lord Byron relative to the Loan — Letter from Messrs. Hodges and 
Gill — Dangerous Illness of Lord Byron 150 

LETTER LXVL 

To the same. 

Press — Col. Stanhope's Advice to the General Government to court 
the Friendship of America — Loan — Holy Alliance and its Agents — 
Discussions at the Congress — Progress of Public Opinion in Greece — 
Surrender of Tnpolitza 153 



CONTENTS. 303 

LETTER LXVIL 

To the same. 

Page 

Letter to the Tpsariots, accompanying a Lithographic Press — Loan — 

Proceedings of the Congress 156 

LETTER LXVIII. 

To the same. 

Conflagration at Cairo — Turkish Fleet— Prophet in Arabia — Assembly 
of Turks at Larissa — Death of Lord Byron 157 

LETTER LXfX. 

To the President JWavrocordato. 
Lord Byron's Contract with the Suliots— Laboratory at Missolonghi . 159 

LETTER LXX. 

To J. Bo-wrings Esq. 

Letter to Capt. Trelawny, recommending him to proceed to meet Col. 
Napier, &c. — Honours paid to Lord Byron's Memory . . . . . 160 

LETTER LXXI. 

To Count Gamba. 

Recommending that Lord Byron's Remains should be deposited at 
Athens 162 

LETTER LXXII. 

To J. Bentham, Esq. 

Mr. Bentham's M.S. — Negri and his Code — State of Greece — Odysseus 
— Parties — Conduct of the War — Objects of Col. Stanhope's Exer- 
tions * : 163 

LETTER LXXIII. 

To the Executive Government. 

Desiring Information on the Subject of the Finances, &c. and urging 
the Necessity of Reconciliation . . . . 166 



CONTENTS. 

LETTER LXX1V. 

To J. Boicring, Esq. 

Page 
Means of forming- an efficient Government — Convent of Megaspolio — 
Conference with Zaimi 167 

LETTER LXXV. 

To the same. 
Character of the Oligarchs of the Morea—Siege of Patras .... 169 

LETTER LXXVI. 

To the same. 

Col. Stanhope's arrival at Zante — Letter of recall — Obstacles to the is- 
suing of the Loan 171 

LETTER LXXVU. 

To the seme. 

Letters to the Philo-Muse Society, Constantino Bozzara, and Coloco- 
troni,on the Subject of Education in England—Loan — Letter to MM 
Logotheti and BarfT concerning it — Their Answer-— Colonel Stan- 
hope's Opinion that the Money ought not yet to be issued . . . ib. 

LETTER LXXVin. 

To the same. 

Loan-Commission — Metropolitan Ignatius and Mavrocordato — Foreign 
King — Post — Turkish Girl adopted by Lord Byron — Letter to 
Hodges relative to the Artillery Corps 175 

LETTER LXXIX. 

To Sir F. Adam. 

Announcing Colonel Stanhope's Intention to return Home in the Flo- 
rida . 177 



CONTENTS. 305 

LETTER LXXX. 

To Mr. Hodges. 

Page 
Requesting him to deliver some of the Stores at Missolonghi to Captain 
Trelawny for Odysseus, and relative to Parry's Conduct .... 177 

LETTER LXXXI. 

To J. Bo-wring, Esq. 
Colonel Stanhope's farewell Letter to the Greeks 178 

LETTER LXXXII. 

To the same. 

Captain Humphrey's Mission to the Seat of Government — Letter of In- 
structions to him 180 

LETTER LXXXIII. 

To Prince JMavrocordato. 

Requesting his Sanction to the Delivery of a Portion of the Stores to 
Captain Trelawny — Colonel Stanhope's Political Opinions with re- 
spect to Greece 184 

LETTER LXXXIV. 

To J. Boxvring, Esq. 

Egyptian Expedition — Submission of Colocotroni and his Faction — 
Parry — Captain filaquiere's Alarm, and Colonel Stanhope's Opi- 
nions with respect to the Issue of the present Campaign .... 185 

LETTER LXXXV. 

To the same. 

Account of Money subscribed by Col. Stanhope on his own and the 
Committee's Account 186 

LETTER LXXXVT. 

Announcing Colonel Stanhope's Arrival in England 189 

aq 



306 CONTENTS, 

LETTER LXXXVII. 

To J. Boivring, Esq. 

Page 
Letter to Lord Byron's Executors, desiring- ihem to make Prepara- 
tions for the Reception of the Body and Funeral 190 



Report on the State of Greece 19^ 



APPENDIX. 

1 Letter from Lord Erskine to Colonel Stanhope 209 

2 Letter from the Greek Committee to Lord Byron 210 

3 Letter from the Greek Committee of London to the Philhellene 

Committees of Darmstadt, Zurich, and generally of Switzer- 
land and Germany ib. 

4 Observations du Comite des Philhellenes a Darmstadt sur les 

Questions proposes par M. le Colonel Stanhope 211 

Translation 213 

5 Answer of the Swiss Committee to Colonel Stanhope's Ques- 

tions 215 

Translation 216 

6 Extract of a Letter from M. Liitscher 217 

Translation 219 

7 Letter from the Swiss Committee to Colonel Stanhope .... 220 
Translation 222 

8 Instructions of the Swiss Committee to the General Committee in 

Greece 223 

Translation 226 

9 Letter from Lord Byron to Prince Mavrocordato 229 

Translation 230 

10 Letter from Lord Erskine to Prince Mavrocordato 231 

11 Premiere Session du Comite General en Grece 234 

Translation ib. 

12 Seconde Session du Comite, &c 235 

Translation 236 

13 Troisieme Session, &c ib. 

Translation 237 

14 Prince Mavrocordato's Receipt ib. 

Translation » 238 

15 Letter from Jeremy Bentham, Esq. to Colonel Stanhope .... ib. 

16 Letter from Lord Byron to Colonel Stanhope 240 

17 Proceedings ©fa Committee, held by Order of Lord Byron, for the 



* 



CONTENTS. 307 

Page 
Purpose of considering what Ammunition and warlike Stores are 
required for the Siege of Lepanto ,. . . . 241 

18 Translation of a Letter from the General Government of Greece to 

Colonel Stanhope 242 

19 Ditto 243 

20 Ditto ib. 

21 Captain Parry's Plan for putting the Fortress of Missolonghi and the 

Harbour in a State of efficient Defence 244 

21*Letter from Captain Hastings 245 

22 Translation of a Letter from General Odysseus to Colonel Stanhope 247" 

23 Translation of a Letter from the Philo-Muse Society at Athens to 

Colonel Stanhope • ... ib. 

24 Letter from Mavrocordato to Colonel Stanhope 248 

Translation ib. 

25 Letter from Lord Byron to Colonel Stanhope 249 

26 Letter from Messrs. Hodges and Gill to Colonel Stanhope . . . 250 

27 Ditto 252 

28 Translation of an Address from the Athenians to Colonel Stanhope 253 

29 Translation of a Letter from the Athenians to the Greek Commit- 

tee of London 254 

30 Translation of a Letter from Panos Colocotroni to Colonel Stanhope 255 

31 Translation of a Letter from General Goortho to Colonel Stanhope 256 

32 Translation of a Letter from Sophianonulo to Demetrius Ipsilanti ib. 

33 Translation of a Letter from the Prefect Logothetito Colonel Stan- 

hope 258 

34 Translation of a Letter from General Odysseus to Colonel Stanhope 259 

35 Translation of a Letter from Coletti to Colonel Stanhope . . . 260 

36 Letter from the Greek Deputies in London to Colonel Stanhope 261 
Translation 263 

37 Letter from the same to the same 265 

Translation ib. 

38 Extract of a Letter from Jeremy Bentham, Esq. to the Greek De- 

puties in London 266 

Translation 267 

39 Letter from Captain Trelawny to Colonel Stanhope 269 

40 Ditto 271 

41 Letter from Mavrocordato to Colonel Stanhope ....... 272 

Translation 273 

42 Translation of a Memorial from the Authorities of Missolonghi . 274 

43 Letter from Captain Trelawny to Colonel Stanhope 275 

44 Ditto 276 

45 Letter from Mavrocordato to Colonel Stanhope 277 

Translation {[,. 

46 Letter from the Deputy-Adjutant-General to Colonel Stanhope . 278 



- 



308 CONTENTS. 

Page 

47 Letter from Mavrocordato to Colonel Stanhope . . . . . . . 278 

Translation J79 

48 Letter from Mavrocordato to Captain Blaquiere 280 

Translation 282 

49 Extract of a Letter from M. Papastatopnlo to M. Zarifopulo . . 285 
Translation if,, 

50 Letter from J. Bow-ring, Esq. to Colonel Stanhope ....... 286 

51 Letter from the Adjutant-General to Colonel Stanhope .... 287 

52 Vote of Thanks of the Greek Committee to Colonel Stanhope . 288 



Mustapha Ali 289 



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